introduction and osteology

Question 1

posterior triangle (all of the regions before this and bone do from book)

Answer 1

present between the sternocleidomastoid, the neck and chin turning muscle, trapezius the shrugging muscle and middle one third of clavicle
it has brachial plexus, subclavian vessels with its branches and tributaries.

Question 2

anterior triangle of neck

Answer 2

present between the anterior median line and anterior aspect of sternocleidomastoid muscle.
its apex is at the end of the neck
contains carotid artery and its branches
and isthmus of thyroid gland.

Question 3

bone of the head and neck include

Answer 3

the skull with the mandible , 7 cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone and 6 ear ossicles.

Question 4

what is made by intramembranous ossification

Answer 4

cap of the skull made by frontal, parietal, squamous temporal and a part of occipital

Question 5

what is made by endochondral ossification

Answer 5

the base of the skull

Question 6

2 main parts of skull

Answer 6

calvaria or brain box which is the upper part of the cranium

facial bones which makes the rest of the face

Question 7

total bones in skull

Answer 7

28

Question 8

calvaria bones paired

Answer 8

parietal
temporal
malleus (ear)
incus (ear)
stapes (ear)

Question 9

calvaria bones unpaired

Answer 9

frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid

Question 10

facial bones paired

Answer 10

zygomatic
maxilla 
nasal 
lacrimal 
inferior nasal concha

Question 11

facial bone unpaired

Answer 11

mandible

vomer

Question 12

the skull can be placed in proper orientation by what 2 lines

Answer 12

Reid’s base line obtained by joining infraorbital margin to the center of external acoustic meatus
Frankfurt’s by joining infraorbital margin with upper margin of external acoustic meatus

Question 13

muscle attachments of Norma occipitalis

Answer 13

1. upper part of extrernal occipital protuberance gives origin to trapezius and the lower part to ligmentum nuchae
2. middle third of superior nuchal line give rises to trapezius and the lateral part provides for sternocleidomastoid above and splenius capitis below
   - if highest nuchal lines are present it medially gives origin to epicranial aponeuroses and laterally to occipitalis have occipitofrotalis muscle

Question 14

bones of norma frontalis

Answer 14

1. frontal bone
2. maxilla ( right and left)
3. mandible
4. right and left nasal bone
5. zygomatic bone
   6.

Question 15

what is seen in the frontal region of norma frontalis

Answer 15

supercilliary arch- overlies frontal sinus
glabella- connecting 2 supper cilliary arch and is continued with the frontonasal process
nasion- meeting point of internasal suture and frontonasal suture
frontal tuber or eminence- rounded elevation above the super ciliary arch

Question 16

orbital openings

Answer 16

4 margins
supraorbital margin- above is frontal bone and the junction between lateral 2 third and middle one third has supraorbital notch
-infraorbital margin- laterally made by zygomatic bone and medially by maxilla
- medial margin - above is frontal bone and below is the lacrimal crest of frontal process of maxilla
lateral margin- union has the frontozygomatic suture
and formed mostly by the frontal process of zygomatic bone but completely above of maxillary process of zygomatic bone

Question 17

articulation of the nasal bone

Answer 17

anteriorly- opposite bone at the internasal suture
posterior- frontal process of the maxilla
superior- frontal bone at the frontonasal suture
inferior- upper nasal cartilage

Question 18

anterior surface if maxilla

Answer 18

nasal notch medially
anterior nasal spine
canine fossa
incisive fossa 
infra orbital foramen

Question 19

4 processes of maxilla

Answer 19

frontal process of maxilla ( articulates anteriorly with nasal bone, posteriorly with lacrimal bone and superiorly with frontal bone)
zygomatic process of maxila
alveolar process of maxilla

Question 20

middle point of the base of mandible is called

Answer 20

mental point gnathion

Question 21

anterior surface of the body of mandible has

Answer 21

symphysis menti
mantle tubercle
mental foramen ( transmitting the mental nerve and vessels)
oblique line

Question 22

sutures of norma frontalis

Answer 22

frontonasal
internasal
frontomaxillary
nasomaxillary 
zygomaticofrontal
zygomaticomaxillary 
intermaxillary 
lacrimomaxillary

Question 23

attachment of norma frontalis

Answer 23

1- corrugator supercilli muscle
2- procerus
3- orbicularis oculi (Frontal process of maxilla and nasal part of frontal bone)
4. medial palpebral ligament
5. levator labii superioris aleque (arises from frontal process of maxilla and infront of orbicularis oculi
6. levator labii superioris (arises from maxilla) between infra orbital margin and foramen
7. nasalis and depressor
8. levator anguli oris
9. insicivus
10. zygomaticus major and minor
11. buccinator

Question 24

contents of foramen of norma frontalis

Answer 24

1. supraorbital foramen= supraorbital nerve and vessels
2. infraorbital= infraorbital nerve and vessels
3. zygomaticofacial foramen ( same name and branch of maxillary nerve)
4. mental foramen ( mental nerve and vessels )
5. external nasal nerve emerges from nasal bone and upper nasal cartilage