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Bioscience 3 > Skin And Eye Disorders > Flashcards

Skin And Eye Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctivitis is infection of the what?

A

Conjuctiva

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2
Q

Keratitis is infection of the?

A

Cornea

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3
Q

Infections of both the cornea and conjunctiva is called?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis

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4
Q

What immune mechanisms protect the eye from infections?

A

Lachrymal glands

Epithelial cells secrete IgA antibodies

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5
Q

Can chlamydia and gonorrhoea cause ocular infections?

A

Yes, they are all common pathogens that can cause conjunctivitis

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6
Q

As conjunctivitis is highly contagious what age group is a high risk?

A

Children as they rub their eyes and transfer to other children

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7
Q

Clinical features of bacterial ocular infections include?

A

Redness, watery eyes, burning, stinging, watery discharge becomes mucopurulent, starts in one eye then spreads to the other.

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8
Q

What is the worlds leading preventable cause of blindness?

A

Trachoma caused by chlamydia trachomatis

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9
Q

Chronic follicular conjunctivitis causes?

A

Scarring and eventual contraction and turning of the under eyelid.

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10
Q

Cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and AMD causes what?

A

Vision impairment

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11
Q

A clumping of proteins causes what to happen the lens of the eye?

A

Clouding - cataracts

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12
Q

Causes of cataracts include?

A

Ageing, prolonged exposure to UV radiation, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lens injury

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13
Q

Clinical features of cataracts are……

A

Blurred vision, altered vision, light sensitivity, double vision, can lead to blindness

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14
Q

Can you prevent cataracts?

A

No but they are treatable

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15
Q

Early treatment of cataracts include?

A

Corrective glasses, increased lighting

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16
Q

Phacoemulsification is what?

A

The surgical method to treat cataracts, by using a ultrasound to dissolve the lens and replaced with a artificial lens

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17
Q

Glaucoma is characterised by …………

A

High intraocular pressure due to fluid accumulation

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18
Q

Can glaucoma damage the occipital nerve or optic nerve?

A

Optic

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19
Q

Glaucoma can be cause by?

A

Age, family history, diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

Loss of peripheral vision , blurred vision is clinical features of?

A

Glaucoma

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21
Q

Changes of the blood vessels of the retina due to poor glycemic control is called?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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22
Q

Macula oedema and retinal detachment is due to ……….. In diabetic retinopathy.

A

Micro aneurysms which form and burst

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23
Q

Blurred vision, spots of blood and vision loss is clinical features of?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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24
Q

What is AMD?

A

Age related macular degeneration

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25
Q

Abnormal blood vessels which develop and leak into the macula causing retinal detachment and loss of photoreceptors is which conditions?

A

AMD

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26
Q

Loss of central vision is a clinical feature of which condition?

A

AMD

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27
Q

What is a major component of our non specific physical immune system?

A

Skin

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28
Q

Is skin high or low pH?

A

Low pH

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29
Q

Skin releases …………. that …………….. Microbial growth.

A

Chemicals , inhibit

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30
Q

What helps defend against other pathogens on the skin?

A

Normal flora

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31
Q

List 4 ways microorganism can infect the skin.

A
  1. Minor trauma, cuts, cracks, abrasions,
  2. Severe trauma,
  3. Lava that penetrates the intact skin.
  4. Systemic infections from blood stream
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32
Q

Follculitis , boils and carbuncles are what?

A

Bacterial skin infections

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33
Q

Explain what folliculitis is.

A

Infection of hair follicle following skin irritation

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34
Q

Explain what a boil is.

A

Infection of deeper hair follicles

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35
Q

Explain what a carbuncle is.

A

Major skin abscesse, caused by discharge of adjacent boils.

fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy may follow

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36
Q

Rubella, measles, chickenpox, shingles and herpes simplex are what type of skin infections?

A

Viral

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37
Q

What is rubella caused by?

A

Togavirus

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38
Q

Can rubella cause birth defects?

A

Yes under 16 weeks of pregnancy (congenital rubella syndrome)

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39
Q

Clinical symptoms of rubella include?

A

Mild fever, malaise, URT symptoms, rose-pink rash that quickly spreads across the body.

40
Q

Measles is caused by which virus?

A

Paramyxovirus

41
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Respiratory secretions

42
Q

Which viral skin infection is a leading cause of death in developing countries?

A

Measles

43
Q

What symptoms present rafter URT symptoms in measles?

A

Kopliks spots, dusky red maculopapular rash appears over the body

44
Q

What is a major complication of measles?

A

Encephalitis

45
Q

Chicken pox and shingles are caused by which virus?

A

Herpes varicella zoster virus

46
Q

Can contact with direct skin lesson transmitter chickenpox?

A

Yes also through respiratory secretions

47
Q

What is a complication of chickenpox?

A

Meningitis

48
Q

Clinical symptoms of chicken pox are?

A

URT symptoms, itchy rash which crust over.

49
Q

Latent infection of sensory ganglia that can be reactivated?

A

Shingles

50
Q

Cluster of painful lesions that develop usable on one side of the body?

A

Shingles

51
Q

Which type of the herpes simplex virus causes cold sores?

A

HSV 1

52
Q

The pathogenesis of microbial invasion of wounds involves the following 4 stages

A

Contamination
Colonisation
Wound infection
Necrotising infections

53
Q

Explain Contamination in wound infections?

A

Presence of non dividing microorganism only

54
Q

Explain colonisation in wound infections

A

Invasion of replicating microorganism adhering to wound surface but no tissue damage occurring

55
Q

Explain wound infection?

A

Invasion of replicating microorganism and evidence of tissue damage?

56
Q

Explain necrotising infections?

A

Gangrenous infection of the dog tissue below the skin resulting in necrosis

57
Q

Sources of surgical wound infections are?

A

Operating room environment
Hands of healthcare workers
Other body parts of healthcare workers
The patients own body

58
Q

What is the most common cause of surgical infections?

A

Normal flora of both patients and healthcare workers

59
Q

Factors that increase the risk of surgical wound infections are?

A 
Duration of the pt preoperative stay
Increase exposure to drug resistant bacteria
Duration of the operation
Existing infection
Immunocompromised 
Foreign bodies in surgery
60
Q

How can we treat and prevent wound infection?

A

Strict ANNT,
Drainage, debridement, irrigation of the wound
Prophylactic antibiotic use

61
Q

Burns are tissue damage caused by?

A

Extreme heat
Radiation
Chemical exposure
Electrical exposure

62
Q

Burns can be classified as?

A

Superficial partial thickness
Deep partial thickness
Full thickness

63
Q

Loss of skin integrity in burns causes what?

A

Loss of fluids
Increased metabolic rate to maintain body temperature
Increased risk of infection

64
Q

Burns can cause what type of shock?

A

Circulatory

65
Q

Loss of fluids in burns leads to hypo?

A

Hypovolaemia

66
Q

What does burns do to renal function?

A

Decrease

67
Q

Why is oedema present in burn when there is fluid loss?

A

Due to the loss of plasma proteins

68
Q

Why can there be a loss of sensation and pain in burns?

A

Due to damaged receptors

69
Q

Why are burns particularly susceptible to infection?

A

Moist
Full of nutrients
Skin barrier lost
Other defences impaired

70
Q

When do the majority of burns become infected

A

After admission to hospital

71
Q

The most common burn infection pathogens are?

A

Pseudomonas aeuginosa and fungi

72
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of fluid changes in major burns?

A

Burn > increased capillary permeability > water sodium and plasma proteins move into tissue > oncotic pressure reduces and more fluid is lost > low blood volume, decreased blood pressure > hypovolemic shock > decreased CO and reduce tissue perfusion.

73
Q

How do we treat major burns?

A

Airway maintenance, fluid replacement, wound care, prevent infection, provide pain relief, skin grafts, diet high in energy and protein

74
Q

What are the 3 main types of skin cancers in Australia?

A

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
Melanoma

75
Q

Which skin cancer is reportable to cancer registers?

A

Melanoma

76
Q

What is the most common skin cancer in Australia?

A

(BCC) basal cell carcinoma

77
Q

Skin cancer that are slow growing, shiny, skin-colour to pink with a pearly rolled boarder?

A

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

78
Q

The main risk factor for basal cell carcinoma is?

A

UV exposure from the sun

79
Q

Basal cell carcinomas arise from which skin layer?

A

The basal layer of the dermis.

80
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas arise from which layer of the skin?

A

Outer layer of epidermis from the keratinocytes

81
Q

What are the common areas for squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Ears, face and back of the hands

82
Q

Can squamous cell carcinomas metastasise?

A

Yes

83
Q

Accumulative UV exposure, immune suppression, infection with HPV, smoking and genetic syndromes are risk factors for which type of cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

84
Q

What are the treatments for non melanoma skin cancers?

A

Surgical excision
Cryosurgery
Chemotherapy

85
Q

Malignant tutor of melanocytes is what type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

86
Q

What is the least common type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

87
Q

Which skin cancer metastasise rapidly and is most likely fatal?

A

Melanoma

88
Q

What is a dyplastic naevi?

A

Atypical mole that may turn into a melanoma

89
Q

When diagnosing melanomas what dose A,B,C,D,E stand for?

A 
A- asymmetry 
B- boarder irregularity 
C- colour uneven
D- diameter greater than 6mm
E- evolving
90
Q

Classification and staging of melanomas depends on?

A

Biopsy
Sentinel node biopsy
CT scan for metastasised

91
Q

Sentinel node biopsy are often used for melanoma greater than ….mm?

A

1mm

92
Q

What is the most important feature of a melanoma to determine long term outcome?

A

Thickness of the melanoma

93
Q

An area of injury to the skin as a result of pressure?

A

Pressure injury

94
Q

What are the risk factors for pressure injuries?

A

Immobility
Malnourished
Friction
Diabetes mellitus

95
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of pressure injuries.

A

Sustained pressure of bony prominence on tissue underlying the skin > occlusion of blood vessels > tissue ischaemia > inflammation > ulceration and necrosis

96
Q

What are some age related changes to the skin that make it more prone to injury?

A

Slowed epidermal cell production
Increased fragility of dermal Capillaries
Reduced immune response
Decreased size of sebaceous glands
Decrease in the ability to maintain body temperature

Bioscience 3 (4 decks)

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