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Bioscience 3 > Skin And Eye Disorders > Flashcards

Skin And Eye Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctivitis is infection of the what?

A

Conjuctiva

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2
Q

Keratitis is infection of the?

A

Cornea

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3
Q

Infections of both the cornea and conjunctiva is called?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis

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4
Q

What immune mechanisms protect the eye from infections?

A

Lachrymal glands

Epithelial cells secrete IgA antibodies

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5
Q

Can chlamydia and gonorrhoea cause ocular infections?

A

Yes, they are all common pathogens that can cause conjunctivitis

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6
Q

As conjunctivitis is highly contagious what age group is a high risk?

A

Children as they rub their eyes and transfer to other children

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7
Q

Clinical features of bacterial ocular infections include?

A

Redness, watery eyes, burning, stinging, watery discharge becomes mucopurulent, starts in one eye then spreads to the other.

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8
Q

What is the worlds leading preventable cause of blindness?

A

Trachoma caused by chlamydia trachomatis

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9
Q

Chronic follicular conjunctivitis causes?

A

Scarring and eventual contraction and turning of the under eyelid.

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10
Q

Cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and AMD causes what?

A

Vision impairment

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11
Q

A clumping of proteins causes what to happen the lens of the eye?

A

Clouding - cataracts

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12
Q

Causes of cataracts include?

A

Ageing, prolonged exposure to UV radiation, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lens injury

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13
Q

Clinical features of cataracts are……

A

Blurred vision, altered vision, light sensitivity, double vision, can lead to blindness

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14
Q

Can you prevent cataracts?

A

No but they are treatable

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15
Q

Early treatment of cataracts include?

A

Corrective glasses, increased lighting

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16
Q

Phacoemulsification is what?

A

The surgical method to treat cataracts, by using a ultrasound to dissolve the lens and replaced with a artificial lens

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17
Q

Glaucoma is characterised by …………

A

High intraocular pressure due to fluid accumulation

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18
Q

Can glaucoma damage the occipital nerve or optic nerve?

A

Optic

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19
Q

Glaucoma can be cause by?

A

Age, family history, diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

Loss of peripheral vision , blurred vision is clinical features of?

A

Glaucoma

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21
Q

Changes of the blood vessels of the retina due to poor glycemic control is called?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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22
Q

Macula oedema and retinal detachment is due to ……….. In diabetic retinopathy.

A

Micro aneurysms which form and burst

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23
Q

Blurred vision, spots of blood and vision loss is clinical features of?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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24
Q

What is AMD?

A

Age related macular degeneration

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25
Abnormal blood vessels which develop and leak into the macula causing retinal detachment and loss of photoreceptors is which conditions?
AMD
26
Loss of central vision is a clinical feature of which condition?
AMD
27
What is a major component of our non specific physical immune system?
Skin
28
Is skin high or low pH?
Low pH
29
Skin releases ............. that ................. Microbial growth.
Chemicals , inhibit
30
What helps defend against other pathogens on the skin?
Normal flora
31
List 4 ways microorganism can infect the skin.
1. Minor trauma, cuts, cracks, abrasions, 2. Severe trauma, 3. Lava that penetrates the intact skin. 4. Systemic infections from blood stream
32
Follculitis , boils and carbuncles are what?
Bacterial skin infections
33
Explain what folliculitis is.
Infection of hair follicle following skin irritation
34
Explain what a boil is.
Infection of deeper hair follicles
35
Explain what a carbuncle is.
Major skin abscesse, caused by discharge of adjacent boils. | fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy may follow
36
Rubella, measles, chickenpox, shingles and herpes simplex are what type of skin infections?
Viral
37
What is rubella caused by?
Togavirus
38
Can rubella cause birth defects?
Yes under 16 weeks of pregnancy (congenital rubella syndrome)
39
Clinical symptoms of rubella include?
Mild fever, malaise, URT symptoms, rose-pink rash that quickly spreads across the body.
40
Measles is caused by which virus?
Paramyxovirus
41
How is measles transmitted?
Respiratory secretions
42
Which viral skin infection is a leading cause of death in developing countries?
Measles
43
What symptoms present rafter URT symptoms in measles?
Kopliks spots, dusky red maculopapular rash appears over the body
44
What is a major complication of measles?
Encephalitis
45
Chicken pox and shingles are caused by which virus?
Herpes varicella zoster virus
46
Can contact with direct skin lesson transmitter chickenpox?
Yes also through respiratory secretions
47
What is a complication of chickenpox?
Meningitis
48
Clinical symptoms of chicken pox are?
URT symptoms, itchy rash which crust over.
49
Latent infection of sensory ganglia that can be reactivated?
Shingles
50
Cluster of painful lesions that develop usable on one side of the body?
Shingles
51
Which type of the herpes simplex virus causes cold sores?
HSV 1
52
The pathogenesis of microbial invasion of wounds involves the following 4 stages
Contamination Colonisation Wound infection Necrotising infections
53
Explain Contamination in wound infections?
Presence of non dividing microorganism only
54
Explain colonisation in wound infections
Invasion of replicating microorganism adhering to wound surface but no tissue damage occurring
55
Explain wound infection?
Invasion of replicating microorganism and evidence of tissue damage?
56
Explain necrotising infections?
Gangrenous infection of the dog tissue below the skin resulting in necrosis
57
Sources of surgical wound infections are?
Operating room environment Hands of healthcare workers Other body parts of healthcare workers The patients own body
58
What is the most common cause of surgical infections?
Normal flora of both patients and healthcare workers
59
Factors that increase the risk of surgical wound infections are?
``` Duration of the pt preoperative stay Increase exposure to drug resistant bacteria Duration of the operation Existing infection Immunocompromised Foreign bodies in surgery ```
60
How can we treat and prevent wound infection?
Strict ANNT, Drainage, debridement, irrigation of the wound Prophylactic antibiotic use
61
Burns are tissue damage caused by?
Extreme heat Radiation Chemical exposure Electrical exposure
62
Burns can be classified as?
Superficial partial thickness Deep partial thickness Full thickness
63
Loss of skin integrity in burns causes what?
Loss of fluids Increased metabolic rate to maintain body temperature Increased risk of infection
64
Burns can cause what type of shock?
Circulatory
65
Loss of fluids in burns leads to hypo?
Hypovolaemia
66
What does burns do to renal function?
Decrease
67
Why is oedema present in burn when there is fluid loss?
Due to the loss of plasma proteins
68
Why can there be a loss of sensation and pain in burns?
Due to damaged receptors
69
Why are burns particularly susceptible to infection?
Moist Full of nutrients Skin barrier lost Other defences impaired
70
When do the majority of burns become infected
After admission to hospital
71
The most common burn infection pathogens are?
Pseudomonas aeuginosa and fungi
72
Explain the pathophysiology of fluid changes in major burns?
Burn > increased capillary permeability > water sodium and plasma proteins move into tissue > oncotic pressure reduces and more fluid is lost > low blood volume, decreased blood pressure > hypovolemic shock > decreased CO and reduce tissue perfusion.
73
How do we treat major burns?
Airway maintenance, fluid replacement, wound care, prevent infection, provide pain relief, skin grafts, diet high in energy and protein
74
What are the 3 main types of skin cancers in Australia?
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Melanoma
75
Which skin cancer is reportable to cancer registers?
Melanoma
76
What is the most common skin cancer in Australia?
(BCC) basal cell carcinoma
77
Skin cancer that are slow growing, shiny, skin-colour to pink with a pearly rolled boarder?
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
78
The main risk factor for basal cell carcinoma is?
UV exposure from the sun
79
Basal cell carcinomas arise from which skin layer?
The basal layer of the dermis.
80
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from which layer of the skin?
Outer layer of epidermis from the keratinocytes
81
What are the common areas for squamous cell carcinoma?
Ears, face and back of the hands
82
Can squamous cell carcinomas metastasise?
Yes
83
Accumulative UV exposure, immune suppression, infection with HPV, smoking and genetic syndromes are risk factors for which type of cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
84
What are the treatments for non melanoma skin cancers?
Surgical excision Cryosurgery Chemotherapy
85
Malignant tutor of melanocytes is what type of skin cancer?
Melanoma
86
What is the least common type of skin cancer?
Melanoma
87
Which skin cancer metastasise rapidly and is most likely fatal?
Melanoma
88
What is a dyplastic naevi?
Atypical mole that may turn into a melanoma
89
When diagnosing melanomas what dose A,B,C,D,E stand for?
``` A- asymmetry B- boarder irregularity C- colour uneven D- diameter greater than 6mm E- evolving ```
90
Classification and staging of melanomas depends on?
Biopsy Sentinel node biopsy CT scan for metastasised
91
Sentinel node biopsy are often used for melanoma greater than ....mm?
1mm
92
What is the most important feature of a melanoma to determine long term outcome?
Thickness of the melanoma
93
An area of injury to the skin as a result of pressure?
Pressure injury
94
What are the risk factors for pressure injuries?
Immobility Malnourished Friction Diabetes mellitus
95
Explain the pathophysiology of pressure injuries.
Sustained pressure of bony prominence on tissue underlying the skin > occlusion of blood vessels > tissue ischaemia > inflammation > ulceration and necrosis
96
What are some age related changes to the skin that make it more prone to injury?
Slowed epidermal cell production Increased fragility of dermal Capillaries Reduced immune response Decreased size of sebaceous glands Decrease in the ability to maintain body temperature

Bioscience 3 (4 decks)

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