Musculoskeletal Disorders

Question 1

Osteoblasts are responsible for….
A) bone reabsorption
B) bone building
C) bone maintenance

Answer 1

B) bone building

Question 2

Bone reabsorbing cells are called?

Answer 2

Osteoclasts

Question 3

Which cells are responsible for bone maintenance?

Answer 3

Osteocytes

Question 4

Which cells detect changes in stress/load on bone to initiate changes in bone matrix?

Answer 4

Osteocytes

Question 5

The ongoing process in which bone tissue is replaced is called what?

Answer 5

Bone remodelling

Question 6

Bone remodelling involves which two processors?

Answer 6

Reabsorption

Deposition

Question 7

Why is bone continually remodelled?

Answer 7

Maintain calcium homeostasis
Stronger bones
Maintain structural integrity

Question 8

What minerals affect bone remodelling?

Answer 8

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 9

Why is vitamin D important for bone remodelling?

Answer 9

Increases calcium absorption in GIT

Question 10

Vitamin A is responsible for …………. Activity.

Answer 10

Osteoblasts

Question 11

Vitamin K and B12 synthesise bone ……….

Answer 11

Proteins

Question 12

The parathyroid hormone increases bone …….

Answer 12

Reabsorption

Question 13

Calcitonin ………… Bone deposition.

a) increase
b) decreases
c) maintains

Answer 13

A) increases

Question 14

Oestrogen and testosterone increase …………….. activity.

Answer 14

Osteoclast

Question 15

Hypocalcemia stimulates which gland to release PTH?

Answer 15

Parathyroid

Question 16

Weight bearing and dynamic exercise will increase bone ………?

Answer 16

Formation and Mass

Question 17

When immobile bones …………… Occurs
A) deposition
B) resorption

Answer 17

Reabsorption

Question 18

Osteoporosis is characterised by what?

Answer 18

Porous bones and low bone mass

Question 19

What is osteopenia?

Answer 19

An intermediate age-related the decline in bone mass

Question 20

Are women or men more likely to have osteoporosis?

Answer 20

Women 80%

Question 21

What is a T score in bone diagnostics

Answer 21

A score given to identify bone density.

Question 22

A t score of -2.5 indicates what?

Answer 22

Osteoporosis

Question 23

A t score of -1 to - 2.5 indicates?

Answer 23

Osteopenia

Question 24

What is I normal t score value?

Answer 24

Higher than -1

Question 25

Peak bone mass occurs at what age?

Answer 25

30 years (so we're stuffed)

Question 26

Bone loss occurs in which type of bone first. A) compact B) spongy

Answer 26

B) spongy

Question 27

Menopause causes an increase in bone ..........

Answer 27

Reabsorption

Question 28

Can pregnancy and breastfeeding increase calcium levels?

Answer 28

No it reduces them place women at a higher risk for the development of osteoporosis

Question 29

Clinical features of osteoporosis include......

Answer 29

Pain , bone deformity, increase fractures

Question 30

What are the most common sites of fractures due to osteoporosis

Answer 30

Vertebral fractures 46% Hip neck of femur Wrist

Question 31

Bone marrow fat that is released from a fracture can cause a what?

Answer 31

Pulmonary embolism

Question 32

Haemorrhage, shock and pneumonia can be a consequence of?

Answer 32

A fracture

Question 33

How can osteoporosis be prevented before the age of 30?

Answer 33

Good nutrition and weight bearing exercises

Question 34

Treatment for osteoporosis include........

Answer 34

HRT, Bisphosphonates ( reduces bone Reabsorption) Selective oestrogen receptor modulators

Question 35

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

Answer 35

``` Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function ```

Question 36

Compression lines and tension lines provides bones with what?

Answer 36

Strengths whilst keeping them low in weight

Question 37

What is the vascular response due to chemical mediators in tissue injury?

Answer 37

Vasodilation | Increased vascular permeability causing oedema

Question 38

What is the cellular response due to chemical mediators in tissue issue?

Answer 38

WBC move to the site to remove dead cells, bacteria

Question 39

Acute inflammation cause an ................. Vascular permeability driving ......... And ............... In to the tissue causing ................

Answer 39

Increased, fluid, protein , oedema

Question 40

Continued exposure due to chronic inflammation causes?

Answer 40

Tissue injury and death, formation of lots of scar tissue during repair.

Question 41

Rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of mainly?

Answer 41

Joints

Question 42

Inflammatory joint disease includes which condition?

Answer 42

Rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Gout

Question 43

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by? A) bacteria B) virus C) autoimmune

Answer 43

C) autoimmune

Question 44

In rheumatoid arthritis inflammation begins in the ............membrane and spears to the ............... Cartilage A) ligament, periosteum B) articular , synovial C) synovial , articular

Answer 44

C)synovial, articular

Question 45

Formation of fibrous or bony ankylosis of a joint is a characteristic of?

Answer 45

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 46

Clinical features of Rheumatoid arthritis include?

Answer 46

``` Pain Stiffness Swelling Loss of mobility Permanent joint deformity ```

Question 47

Non surgical treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis are

Answer 47

Rest, hot and cold packs, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 48

What is the most common form of joint disease in Australia?

Answer 48

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Question 49

A loss of articular cartilage is caused by?

Answer 49

Osteoarthritis

Question 50

Osteoarthritis most commonly affects which joints?

Answer 50

Load bearing joints, including hip, knee, vertebrae

Question 51

Damage and erosion of articular cartilage, sclerosis of underlying bone and formation of osteophytes is caused by which conditions?

Answer 51

Osteoarthritis

Question 52

Risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis include?

Answer 52

Age, genetic predisposition, exceptional joint stress, joint trauma or injury.

Question 53

Localised severe joint pain, stiffness and limitation of motion are clinical features of?

Answer 53

Osteoarthritis

Question 54

Intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid is a treatment for?

Answer 54

Osteoarthritis

Question 55

Stiffness or immobility of a joint due to abnormal fusion of bones is called?

Answer 55

Ankylosis

Question 56

Bone spurs or growths are called?

Answer 56

Osteophytes