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Bioscience 3 > Musculoskeletal Disorders > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoblasts are responsible for….
A) bone reabsorption
B) bone building
C) bone maintenance

A

B) bone building

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2
Q

Bone reabsorbing cells are called?

A

Osteoclasts

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3
Q

Which cells are responsible for bone maintenance?

A

Osteocytes

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4
Q

Which cells detect changes in stress/load on bone to initiate changes in bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

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5
Q

The ongoing process in which bone tissue is replaced is called what?

A

Bone remodelling

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6
Q

Bone remodelling involves which two processors?

A

Reabsorption

Deposition

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7
Q

Why is bone continually remodelled?

A

Maintain calcium homeostasis
Stronger bones
Maintain structural integrity

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8
Q

What minerals affect bone remodelling?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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9
Q

Why is vitamin D important for bone remodelling?

A

Increases calcium absorption in GIT

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10
Q

Vitamin A is responsible for …………. Activity.

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Vitamin K and B12 synthesise bone ……….

A

Proteins

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12
Q

The parathyroid hormone increases bone …….

A

Reabsorption

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13
Q

Calcitonin ………… Bone deposition.

a) increase
b) decreases
c) maintains

A

A) increases

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14
Q

Oestrogen and testosterone increase …………….. activity.

A

Osteoclast

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15
Q

Hypocalcemia stimulates which gland to release PTH?

A

Parathyroid

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16
Q

Weight bearing and dynamic exercise will increase bone ………?

A

Formation and Mass

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17
Q

When immobile bones …………… Occurs
A) deposition
B) resorption

A

Reabsorption

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18
Q

Osteoporosis is characterised by what?

A

Porous bones and low bone mass

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19
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

An intermediate age-related the decline in bone mass

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20
Q

Are women or men more likely to have osteoporosis?

A

Women 80%

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21
Q

What is a T score in bone diagnostics

A

A score given to identify bone density.

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22
Q

A t score of -2.5 indicates what?

A

Osteoporosis

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23
Q

A t score of -1 to - 2.5 indicates?

A

Osteopenia

24
Q

What is I normal t score value?

A

Higher than -1

25
Q

Peak bone mass occurs at what age?

A

30 years (so we’re stuffed)

26
Q

Bone loss occurs in which type of bone first.
A) compact
B) spongy

A

B) spongy

27
Q

Menopause causes an increase in bone ……….

A

Reabsorption

28
Q

Can pregnancy and breastfeeding increase calcium levels?

A

No it reduces them place women at a higher risk for the development of osteoporosis

29
Q

Clinical features of osteoporosis include……

A

Pain , bone deformity, increase fractures

30
Q

What are the most common sites of fractures due to osteoporosis

A

Vertebral fractures 46%
Hip neck of femur
Wrist

31
Q

Bone marrow fat that is released from a fracture can cause a what?

A

Pulmonary embolism

32
Q

Haemorrhage, shock and pneumonia can be a consequence of?

A

A fracture

33
Q

How can osteoporosis be prevented before the age of 30?

A

Good nutrition and weight bearing exercises

34
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis include……..

A

HRT,
Bisphosphonates ( reduces bone Reabsorption)
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators

35
Q

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

A 
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
36
Q

Compression lines and tension lines provides bones with what?

A

Strengths whilst keeping them low in weight

37
Q

What is the vascular response due to chemical mediators in tissue injury?

A

Vasodilation

Increased vascular permeability causing oedema

38
Q

What is the cellular response due to chemical mediators in tissue issue?

A

WBC move to the site to remove dead cells, bacteria

39
Q

Acute inflammation cause an …………….. Vascular permeability driving ……… And …………… In to the tissue causing …………….

A

Increased, fluid, protein , oedema

40
Q

Continued exposure due to chronic inflammation causes?

A

Tissue injury and death, formation of lots of scar tissue during repair.

41
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of mainly?

A

Joints

42
Q

Inflammatory joint disease includes which condition?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Gout

43
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by?
A) bacteria
B) virus
C) autoimmune

A

C) autoimmune

44
Q

In rheumatoid arthritis inflammation begins in the …………membrane and spears to the …………… Cartilage
A) ligament, periosteum
B) articular , synovial
C) synovial , articular

A

C)synovial, articular

45
Q

Formation of fibrous or bony ankylosis of a joint is a characteristic of?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

46
Q

Clinical features of Rheumatoid arthritis include?

A 
Pain
Stiffness
Swelling
Loss of mobility
Permanent joint deformity
47
Q

Non surgical treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis are

A

Rest, hot and cold packs, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs

48
Q

What is the most common form of joint disease in Australia?

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

49
Q

A loss of articular cartilage is caused by?

A

Osteoarthritis

50
Q

Osteoarthritis most commonly affects which joints?

A

Load bearing joints, including hip, knee, vertebrae

51
Q

Damage and erosion of articular cartilage, sclerosis of underlying bone and formation of osteophytes is caused by which conditions?

A

Osteoarthritis

52
Q

Risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis include?

A

Age, genetic predisposition, exceptional joint stress, joint trauma or injury.

53
Q

Localised severe joint pain, stiffness and limitation of motion are clinical features of?

A

Osteoarthritis

54
Q

Intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid is a treatment for?

A

Osteoarthritis

55
Q

Stiffness or immobility of a joint due to abnormal fusion of bones is called?

A

Ankylosis

56
Q

Bone spurs or growths are called?

A

Osteophytes

Bioscience 3 (4 decks)

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