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HISTO | MIDTERMS > Skin and Appendages > Flashcards

Skin and Appendages Flashcards

1
Q

identify

papillae that project into the dermis

[dermis]

A

papillary layer

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2
Q

identify

Basal cells in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as (?)

A

basal keratinocytes

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3
Q

identify

Filamentous keratinized structure that forms within epidermal invaginations

A

hair

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4
Q

identify

functions and characteristics of the hypodermis:

  • cushions (?) and (?)
  • has (?)
  • helps the (?) and (?)
  • regulates (?)
A
  • muscles, bones
  • connective tissue
  • nerves, blood vessels
  • body temperature
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5
Q

identify

coiled tubular gland with simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium (lightly stained) and duct cells (dark staining)

[dermis]

A

eccrine sweat glands

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6
Q

identify

dead, anucleated keratinocytes

A

corneocytes

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7
Q

identify

has small lumens in the secretory components, and ducts, both of which have an irregular stratified cuboidal appearance

[glands]

A

eccrine sweat glands

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8
Q

identify

Palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

[types of the skin]

A

thick skin

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9
Q

identify

dense irregular connective

[dermis]

A

reticular layer

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10
Q

identify

Lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

[types of the skin]

A

thick skin

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11
Q

identify

  • superficial fascia, often contains fat cells
  • extensive vascular supply
A

hypodermis

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12
Q

identify

> 5mm

[type of the skin]

A

thick skin

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13
Q

identify

provides a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as friction and against most potential pathogens and other material

[skin functions]

A

protection/-ive

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14
Q

identify

the most important substance in determining the color of skin

A

melanin

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15
Q

identify

two (2) types of sweat glands

A
  • eccrine sweat glands
  • apocrine sweat glands
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16
Q

identify

dense irregular connective tissue that supports the epidermis

A

dermis

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17
Q

identify

highly refractive zone only seen in very thick skin.

Nuclei and organelles have been lost and the cytoplasm consists of eleidin

[epidermis]

A

stratum lucidum

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18
Q

identify

antigen presenting

[spidermal cells]

A

langerhan’s cells

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19
Q

identify

functions of the epidermis:

  • acts as a (?)
  • makes (?)
  • protects your (?)
  • provides (?)
A
  • protective barrier
  • new skin
  • body
  • skin color
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20
Q

identify

(?) is the classic example of holocrine secretion, in which the entire cell dies and contributes to the secretory product

A

sebum production

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21
Q

identify

epidermis is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called (?)

[skin composition]

A

keratinocytes

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22
Q

identify

  • proximal part of the nail
  • hidden part of nail

[nail]

A

nail root

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23
Q

identify

two (2) components/structures of the papillary layer

[dermis]

A
  • dermal papillae
  • papillary capillaries
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24
Q

identify

the skin’s primary functions are to (?) and (?)

A
  • protect body from the environment
  • prevent water loss
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25
Q

identify

characteristics of the dermis:

  • has (?) and (?)
  • grows (?)
  • keeps you (?)
  • makes (?)
  • produces (?)
  • supplies (?)
A
  • collagen, elastin
  • hair
  • in touch
  • oil
  • sweat
  • blood
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26
Q

identify

Also known as sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

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27
Q

identify

  • nerve endings in skin responsible for sensitivity to light touch
  • located in dermal papillae
  • each corpuscle consists of a non-myelinated axon meandering between Schwann cells arranged as horizontal lamellae surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

[corpuscles]

A

meissner corpuscles

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28
Q

identify

  • Cells of skin synthesize vitamin D3, needed in calcium metabolism and proper bone formation, through the local action of UV light on the vitamin’s precursor
  • Excess electrolytes can be removed in sweat
  • Subcutaneous layer stores a significant amount of energy in the form of fat

[skin functions]

A

metabolic

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29
Q

identify

meissner and pacinian corpuscles are easily seen in skin, from (?) or (?)

A
  • fingers
  • lips
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30
Q

identify

parts of the hair

A
  • hair bulb
  • hair papilla
  • hair root
  • hair shaft
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31
Q

identify

melanocytes are found in the layer of (?) at the (?) of the (?)

A
  • basal cells
  • deepest part
  • epidermis
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32
Q

identify

epidermal S. corneum extending from the proximal nail fold

[nail]

A

cuticle

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33
Q

identify

  • Generally absent in hairless skin such as the palms and soles
  • Produce sebum by terminal differentiation of sebosytes

[glands]

A

sebaceous / oil gland

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34
Q

identify

single layer of germinal cells (cuboidal to low columnar cells) resting on the basement membrane which is attached to the dermis

[epidermis]

A

stratum basale

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35
Q

identify

Covers most of the body

[types of the skin]

A

thin skin

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36
Q

identify

section of immunostained skin shows langerhan’s cells abundant in (?), where many microorganisms live, and throughout the epidermis

A

hair follicles

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37
Q

identify

epidermal cells covering the hair papilla

[hairs]

A

hair root

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38
Q

identify

two (2) types of touch/pressure receptors that are found in the skin

A
  • meissner corpuscles
  • pacinian corpuscles
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39
Q

identify

found in the layer of basal cells at the deepest part of the epidermis

A

melanocytes

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40
Q

identify

skin is made up of (?), (?), (?) and (?)

A
  • water
  • protein
  • fats
  • minerals
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41
Q

identify

produce sweat that is mostly water onto the skin surface, where its evaporation provides an important mechanism for cooling the body

[glands]

A

eccrine sweat glands

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42
Q

identify

outer layer of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that is layered into 5 distinct stratas

[layers of the skin]

A

epidermis

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43
Q

identify

a sensory receptor that responds to pressure or vibration

A

mechanoreceptors

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44
Q

identify

three (3) important nonkeratinocyte cells in the epidermidis

A
  • melanocytes
  • langerhan’s cell
  • merkel cell
45
Q

identify

keratinocytes attached to each other by desmosomes on spiny processes

[epidermis]

A

stratum spinosum

46
Q

identify

located in the base of hair bulb and contains a capillary network required to sustain the hair follicle

[hair]

A

hair papilla

47
Q

identify

keratinocytes with numerous basophilic, keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules in their cytoplasm

[epidermis]

A

stratum granulosum

48
Q

identify

Also known as fatty layer, subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis

49
Q

identify

tactile epithelial cells

[epidermal cells]

A

merkel cells

50
Q

identify

langerhan’s cells develop in the (?), move into the (?), and finally migrate into (?) where they are difficult to identify in routinely strained sections

A
  • bone marrow
  • blood circulation
  • stratified squamous epithelia
51
Q

identify

protruding part of the hair root

[hair]

A

hair shaft

52
Q

identify

Protection against constant abrasion

[types of the skin]

A

thick skin

53
Q

identify

epidermal fold at the distal end of the plate

[nail]

A

hyponychium

54
Q

identify

A constant body temperature is normally easily maintained thanks to the skin’s insulating components (eg, the fatty layer and hair on the head) and its mechanisms for accelerating heat loss

[skin functions]

A

thermoregulatory

55
Q

identify

It has thin epidermis and contains sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands

[types of the skin]

A

thin skin

56
Q

identify

two (2) types of the skin

A
  • thick skin
  • thin skin
57
Q

identify

The skin is the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for (?) to (?) of total body weight and, in adults, presenting (?) to (?) of surface to the external environment

A
  • 15% to 20%
  • 1.5 to 2 m²
58
Q

identify

The dermis makes up (?) of skin’s thickness

A

90%

59
Q

identify

(?) are dendritic APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cell) of the the epidermis where they comprise an important defense against pathogens and environmental insults

A

langerhan’s cell

60
Q

identify

These are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin

A

keratinocytes

61
Q

identify

The proximal part of the nail is the (?) and is covered by a fold of (?), from which the epidermal stratum corneum extends as the (?), or (?)

[nail]

A
  • nail root
  • skin
  • cuticle
  • eponychium
62
Q

identify

they develop in the bone marrow, move into the blood circulation, and finally migrate into stratified squamous epithelia where they are difficult to identify in routinely strained sections

A

langerhan’s cell

63
Q

identify

bring nutrients to the epidermis

[dermis]

A

papillary capillaries

64
Q

identify

Modified sweat glands

[glands]

A

mammary glands

65
Q

identify

two (2) layers of the dermis

A
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
66
Q

identify

hair follicle’s terminal dilation

[hair]

A

hair bulb

67
Q

identify

(?), a protein inside skin cells, makes up the skin cells and, along with other proteins, sticks together to form this layer.

The stratification of (?) establishes an impermeable membrane around the entirety of the body

[epidermis]

A
  • keratin
  • keratinocytes
68
Q

identify

whitish, opaque, crescent shaped region on the proximal nail body

[nail]

A

lunula

69
Q

identify

It has a thick epidermis and contains sweat glands

[types of the skin]

A

thick skin

70
Q

identify

Cells of the hair bulb matrix (?), take up (?), and undergo (?) to differentiate as the three concentric layers of the hair

[hair]

A
  • proliferate
  • melanin granules
  • keratinization
71
Q

identify

an epithelial layer of ectodermal origin

[layers of the skin]

A

epidermis

72
Q

identify

  • Each breast carries a central conical projection called a nipple
  • this gland’s activity is related to reproductive hormones and pregnancy

[glands]

A

mammary glands

73
Q

identify

keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the (?), the outermost layer of the skin

A

epidermis

74
Q

identify

subcutaneous tissue

A

hypodermis

75
Q

identify

a layer of mesodermal connective tissue

[layers of the skin]

A

dermis

76
Q

identify

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called keratinocytes

[layers of the skin]

A

epidermis

77
Q

identify

the skin is also known as the (?) or (?)

A
  • integument
  • cutaneous layers
78
Q

identify

sebaceous glands secrete a complex, oily mixture of lipids called (?) into short ducts that in most areas open into hair follicles

A

sebum

79
Q

identify

underlying layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that contains other structures (such as hair follicles and sweat glands)

[layers of the skin]

A

dermis

80
Q

identify

  • Coiled tubular glands
  • Produces sweat - thermoregulatory

[glands]

A

sweat glands

81
Q

identify

keratinocytes constitute (?) of epidermal skin cells

A

90%

82
Q

identify

a layer of varying thickness of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

[layers of the skin]

A

hypodermis

83
Q

identify

Many types of sensory receptors allow skin to constantly monitor the environment, and various skin

[skin functions]

A

sensory

84
Q

identify

have high tactile sensitivity and function as mechanoreceptors

A

merkel cells

85
Q

identify

1-2mm

[types of the skin]

A

thin skin

86
Q

identify

increase adhesion between the epidermis and dermis

[dermis]

A

dermal papillae

87
Q

identify

consists of basal and spinous layer

[nail]

A

nail bed

88
Q

identify

functions of the skin

A
  • protection/-ive
  • sensory
  • thermoregulatory
  • metabolic
  • sexual signaling
89
Q

identify

merkel cells in the (?) have high tactile sensitivity and function as mechanoreceptors

A

basal epidermal layer

90
Q

identify

(?) are hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx

A

nail

91
Q

identify

the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for 15% to 20% of total body weight and, in adults, presenting 1.5 to 2 m² of surface to the external environment

A

skin

92
Q

identify

One inch of your skin has approximately (?) and (?). It also contains (?) and (?)

A
  • 19 million skin cells
  • 60, 000 melanocytes
  • 1,000 nerve endings
  • 20 blood vessels
93
Q

identify

The (?) is bound to a bed of epidermis, the nail bed, which contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers

[nail]

A

nail plate

94
Q

enumerate

five (5) strata of the epidermis

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
95
Q

identify

  • Simple, branched alveolar glands, holocrine glands
  • Numerous in the face, forehead, and scalp

[glands]

A

sebaceous / oil gland

96
Q

identify

thick outermost layer of dead cells (squames) devoid of nuclei and organelles.

Protects against friction and water loss

[epidermis]

A

stratum corneum

97
Q

identify

consists of loose connective tissue that binds the skin loosely to the sub-adjacent organs

A

hypodermis

98
Q

identify

pigment producing

[epidermal cells]

A

melanocytes

99
Q

identify

parts of the nail

A
  • nail root
  • cuticle
  • nail bed
  • nail plate
  • nail matrix
  • hyponychium
  • lunula
100
Q

identify

Covers practically the whole body except the lips, palms, soles, distal dorsal parts of the fingers and toes, prepuce and glans of penis, labia minora, and inner surface of labia majora, clitoris, and nipple

A

hair

101
Q

identify

  • Pigmentation and hair, are visual indicators of health involved in attraction between the sexes in all vertebrate species, including humans
  • The effects of sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are also important for this attraction

[skin functions]

A

sexual signaling

102
Q

identify

three (3) less abundant epidermal cells

A
  • melanocytes
  • langerhan’s cells
  • merkel cells
103
Q

identify

  • nerve endings in skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure
  • large oval or spherical structures of 20 to 60 concentric lamellae located in the dense irregular connective tissue (dermis) underneath the epithelium

[corpuscles]

A

pacinian corpuscles

104
Q

identify

have much wider lumens, develop after puberty, and secrete protein-rich sweat onto the hair of hair follicles

[glands]

A

apocrine sweat glands

105
Q

identify

other term for basal layer

A

stratum basale

106
Q

identify

Production of melanin pigment

A

melonocytes

107
Q

identify

the component of a reticular layer

[dermis]

A

eccrine sweat glands

108
Q

identify

It is made up of water, protein, fats and minerals

A

skin

HISTO | MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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