Skin and Appendages Flashcards
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papillae that project into the dermis
[dermis]
papillary layer
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Basal cells in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as (?)
basal keratinocytes
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Filamentous keratinized structure that forms within epidermal invaginations
hair
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functions and characteristics of the hypodermis:
- cushions (?) and (?)
- has (?)
- helps the (?) and (?)
- regulates (?)
- muscles, bones
- connective tissue
- nerves, blood vessels
- body temperature
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coiled tubular gland with simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium (lightly stained) and duct cells (dark staining)
[dermis]
eccrine sweat glands
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dead, anucleated keratinocytes
corneocytes
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has small lumens in the secretory components, and ducts, both of which have an irregular stratified cuboidal appearance
[glands]
eccrine sweat glands
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Palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
[types of the skin]
thick skin
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dense irregular connective
[dermis]
reticular layer
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Lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands
[types of the skin]
thick skin
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- superficial fascia, often contains fat cells
- extensive vascular supply
hypodermis
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> 5mm
[type of the skin]
thick skin
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provides a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as friction and against most potential pathogens and other material
[skin functions]
protection/-ive
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the most important substance in determining the color of skin
melanin
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two (2) types of sweat glands
- eccrine sweat glands
- apocrine sweat glands
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dense irregular connective tissue that supports the epidermis
dermis
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highly refractive zone only seen in very thick skin.
Nuclei and organelles have been lost and the cytoplasm consists of eleidin
[epidermis]
stratum lucidum
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antigen presenting
[spidermal cells]
langerhan’s cells
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functions of the epidermis:
- acts as a (?)
- makes (?)
- protects your (?)
- provides (?)
- protective barrier
- new skin
- body
- skin color
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(?) is the classic example of holocrine secretion, in which the entire cell dies and contributes to the secretory product
sebum production
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epidermis is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called (?)
[skin composition]
keratinocytes
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- proximal part of the nail
- hidden part of nail
[nail]
nail root
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two (2) components/structures of the papillary layer
[dermis]
- dermal papillae
- papillary capillaries
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the skin’s primary functions are to (?) and (?)
- protect body from the environment
- prevent water loss
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characteristics of the dermis:
- has (?) and (?)
- grows (?)
- keeps you (?)
- makes (?)
- produces (?)
- supplies (?)
- collagen, elastin
- hair
- in touch
- oil
- sweat
- blood
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Also known as sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
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- nerve endings in skin responsible for sensitivity to light touch
- located in dermal papillae
- each corpuscle consists of a non-myelinated axon meandering between Schwann cells arranged as horizontal lamellae surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
[corpuscles]
meissner corpuscles
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- Cells of skin synthesize vitamin D3, needed in calcium metabolism and proper bone formation, through the local action of UV light on the vitamin’s precursor
- Excess electrolytes can be removed in sweat
- Subcutaneous layer stores a significant amount of energy in the form of fat
[skin functions]
metabolic
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meissner and pacinian corpuscles are easily seen in skin, from (?) or (?)
- fingers
- lips
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parts of the hair
- hair bulb
- hair papilla
- hair root
- hair shaft
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melanocytes are found in the layer of (?) at the (?) of the (?)
- basal cells
- deepest part
- epidermis
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epidermal S. corneum extending from the proximal nail fold
[nail]
cuticle
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- Generally absent in hairless skin such as the palms and soles
- Produce sebum by terminal differentiation of sebosytes
[glands]
sebaceous / oil gland
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single layer of germinal cells (cuboidal to low columnar cells) resting on the basement membrane which is attached to the dermis
[epidermis]
stratum basale
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Covers most of the body
[types of the skin]
thin skin
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section of immunostained skin shows langerhan’s cells abundant in (?), where many microorganisms live, and throughout the epidermis
hair follicles
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epidermal cells covering the hair papilla
[hairs]
hair root
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two (2) types of touch/pressure receptors that are found in the skin
- meissner corpuscles
- pacinian corpuscles
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found in the layer of basal cells at the deepest part of the epidermis
melanocytes
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skin is made up of (?), (?), (?) and (?)
- water
- protein
- fats
- minerals
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produce sweat that is mostly water onto the skin surface, where its evaporation provides an important mechanism for cooling the body
[glands]
eccrine sweat glands
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outer layer of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that is layered into 5 distinct stratas
[layers of the skin]
epidermis
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a sensory receptor that responds to pressure or vibration
mechanoreceptors
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three (3) important nonkeratinocyte cells in the epidermidis
- melanocytes
- langerhan’s cell
- merkel cell
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keratinocytes attached to each other by desmosomes on spiny processes
[epidermis]
stratum spinosum
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located in the base of hair bulb and contains a capillary network required to sustain the hair follicle
[hair]
hair papilla
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keratinocytes with numerous basophilic, keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules in their cytoplasm
[epidermis]
stratum granulosum
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Also known as fatty layer, subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
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tactile epithelial cells
[epidermal cells]
merkel cells
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langerhan’s cells develop in the (?), move into the (?), and finally migrate into (?) where they are difficult to identify in routinely strained sections
- bone marrow
- blood circulation
- stratified squamous epithelia
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protruding part of the hair root
[hair]
hair shaft
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Protection against constant abrasion
[types of the skin]
thick skin
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epidermal fold at the distal end of the plate
[nail]
hyponychium
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A constant body temperature is normally easily maintained thanks to the skin’s insulating components (eg, the fatty layer and hair on the head) and its mechanisms for accelerating heat loss
[skin functions]
thermoregulatory
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It has thin epidermis and contains sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands
[types of the skin]
thin skin
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two (2) types of the skin
- thick skin
- thin skin
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The skin is the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for (?) to (?) of total body weight and, in adults, presenting (?) to (?) of surface to the external environment
- 15% to 20%
- 1.5 to 2 m²
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The dermis makes up (?) of skin’s thickness
90%
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(?) are dendritic APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cell) of the the epidermis where they comprise an important defense against pathogens and environmental insults
langerhan’s cell
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These are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin
keratinocytes
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The proximal part of the nail is the (?) and is covered by a fold of (?), from which the epidermal stratum corneum extends as the (?), or (?)
[nail]
- nail root
- skin
- cuticle
- eponychium
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they develop in the bone marrow, move into the blood circulation, and finally migrate into stratified squamous epithelia where they are difficult to identify in routinely strained sections
langerhan’s cell
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bring nutrients to the epidermis
[dermis]
papillary capillaries
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Modified sweat glands
[glands]
mammary glands
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two (2) layers of the dermis
- papillary layer
- reticular layer
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hair follicle’s terminal dilation
[hair]
hair bulb
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(?), a protein inside skin cells, makes up the skin cells and, along with other proteins, sticks together to form this layer.
The stratification of (?) establishes an impermeable membrane around the entirety of the body
[epidermis]
- keratin
- keratinocytes
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whitish, opaque, crescent shaped region on the proximal nail body
[nail]
lunula
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It has a thick epidermis and contains sweat glands
[types of the skin]
thick skin
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Cells of the hair bulb matrix (?), take up (?), and undergo (?) to differentiate as the three concentric layers of the hair
[hair]
- proliferate
- melanin granules
- keratinization
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an epithelial layer of ectodermal origin
[layers of the skin]
epidermis
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- Each breast carries a central conical projection called a nipple
- this gland’s activity is related to reproductive hormones and pregnancy
[glands]
mammary glands
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keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the (?), the outermost layer of the skin
epidermis
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subcutaneous tissue
hypodermis
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a layer of mesodermal connective tissue
[layers of the skin]
dermis
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stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called keratinocytes
[layers of the skin]
epidermis
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the skin is also known as the (?) or (?)
- integument
- cutaneous layers
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sebaceous glands secrete a complex, oily mixture of lipids called (?) into short ducts that in most areas open into hair follicles
sebum
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underlying layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that contains other structures (such as hair follicles and sweat glands)
[layers of the skin]
dermis
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- Coiled tubular glands
- Produces sweat - thermoregulatory
[glands]
sweat glands
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keratinocytes constitute (?) of epidermal skin cells
90%
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a layer of varying thickness of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
[layers of the skin]
hypodermis
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Many types of sensory receptors allow skin to constantly monitor the environment, and various skin
[skin functions]
sensory
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have high tactile sensitivity and function as mechanoreceptors
merkel cells
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1-2mm
[types of the skin]
thin skin
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increase adhesion between the epidermis and dermis
[dermis]
dermal papillae
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consists of basal and spinous layer
[nail]
nail bed
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functions of the skin
- protection/-ive
- sensory
- thermoregulatory
- metabolic
- sexual signaling
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merkel cells in the (?) have high tactile sensitivity and function as mechanoreceptors
basal epidermal layer
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(?) are hard plates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx
nail
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the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for 15% to 20% of total body weight and, in adults, presenting 1.5 to 2 m² of surface to the external environment
skin
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One inch of your skin has approximately (?) and (?). It also contains (?) and (?)
- 19 million skin cells
- 60, 000 melanocytes
- 1,000 nerve endings
- 20 blood vessels
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The (?) is bound to a bed of epidermis, the nail bed, which contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers
[nail]
nail plate
enumerate
five (5) strata of the epidermis
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
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- Simple, branched alveolar glands, holocrine glands
- Numerous in the face, forehead, and scalp
[glands]
sebaceous / oil gland
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thick outermost layer of dead cells (squames) devoid of nuclei and organelles.
Protects against friction and water loss
[epidermis]
stratum corneum
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consists of loose connective tissue that binds the skin loosely to the sub-adjacent organs
hypodermis
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pigment producing
[epidermal cells]
melanocytes
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parts of the nail
- nail root
- cuticle
- nail bed
- nail plate
- nail matrix
- hyponychium
- lunula
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Covers practically the whole body except the lips, palms, soles, distal dorsal parts of the fingers and toes, prepuce and glans of penis, labia minora, and inner surface of labia majora, clitoris, and nipple
hair
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- Pigmentation and hair, are visual indicators of health involved in attraction between the sexes in all vertebrate species, including humans
- The effects of sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are also important for this attraction
[skin functions]
sexual signaling
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three (3) less abundant epidermal cells
- melanocytes
- langerhan’s cells
- merkel cells
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- nerve endings in skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure
- large oval or spherical structures of 20 to 60 concentric lamellae located in the dense irregular connective tissue (dermis) underneath the epithelium
[corpuscles]
pacinian corpuscles
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have much wider lumens, develop after puberty, and secrete protein-rich sweat onto the hair of hair follicles
[glands]
apocrine sweat glands
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other term for basal layer
stratum basale
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Production of melanin pigment
melonocytes
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the component of a reticular layer
[dermis]
eccrine sweat glands
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It is made up of water, protein, fats and minerals
skin
