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HISTO | MIDTERMS > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

identify

function:

  • body movement

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

identify

An action potential that was produced at the neuromuscular junction is propagated along the (?) of the skeletal muscle.

The depolarization also spreads along the membrane of the (?)

[muscle contraction]

A
  • sarcolemma
  • T tubules
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3
Q

identify

Each sarcomere consists of an (?) and (?)

[muscle proteins]

A
  • actin filament
  • myosin myofilament
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4
Q

identify

Choline is symported with Na+ into the (?), where it can be recycled to make ACh.

(?) diffuses away from the synaptic cleft

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • presynaptic terminal
  • acetic acid
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5
Q

identify what step this is

Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal and initiate the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 2

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6
Q

identify

the length of the muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during contraction

[types of muscle contractions]

A

isometric contractions

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7
Q

identify

the plasma membrane is more permeable to (?) than to (?)

[resting membrane potential]

A
  • K+
  • Na+
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8
Q

identify

action potentials in the communicating neuron stimulate graded potentials in a recieving neuron than can summate at the (?)

[action potential propagation]

A

trigger zone

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9
Q

identify

composed of 2 heavy chains wounded together and 2 light chains on each heads of the heavy chain

[myofilaments|thick]

A

myosin

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10
Q

identify

has striations

[muscle tissues]

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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11
Q

identify

location of Skeletal Muscle

A

attached to bones

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12
Q

identify

seven (7) major function of muscles

A
  1. movement of the body
  2. maintenance of posture
  3. respiration
  4. production of body heat
  5. communication
  6. constriction of organs and vessel
  7. contraction of the heart
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13
Q

identify

failure of the muscle to relax after a forceful contraction

[muscle conditions]

A

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

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14
Q

identify

Multinucleated, immature muscle fibers (myocytes).

[muscle development]

A

myoblasts

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15
Q

identify

nucleus:

  • single, centrally located

[muscle tissues]

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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16
Q

identify what step this is

ACh unbinds from the ligand-gated Na+ channels, which then close

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 6

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17
Q

identify

cylindrical and branched

(100-500 μm in length, 12-20 μm in diameter)

[muscle tissues]

A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q

identify

Each sarcomere consists of an actin myofilament and myosin myofilament.

The middle-most region is called the (?) that is found within the (?) all enclosed inside the (?) which is found between two (?)

[muscle proteins]

A
  • M line
  • H zone
  • A band
  • I band
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19
Q

identify what step this is

An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal and causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane to open

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 1

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20
Q

identify

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, removes acetylcholine from the (?) by breaking it down into (?) and (?)

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • synaptic cleft
  • acetic acid, choline
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21
Q

identify

amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle changes

[types of muscle contractions]

A

isotonic contractions

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22
Q

identify

ability of muscle to spring back to its original resting length after it has been stretched

[functional properties of muscles]

A

elasticity

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23
Q

identify

function:
* pumping blood

[muscle tissues]

A

cardiac muscle

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24
Q

identify

acetylcholine (ACh) unbinds from the (?), which then close

[neuromuscular junction]

A

ligand-gated Na+ channels

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25
Q

identify

Heavy chains connect each end of the (?)

[myofilaments|thick]

A

sarcomere

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26
Q

identify

capacity of muscle to respond to an electrical stimulus via nervous or hormones

[functional properties of muscles]

A

excitability

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27
Q

identify

has active sites responsible for the formation of cross-bridge with the myosin light chains

[myofilaments|thin]

A

fibrous actin (F-actin)

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28
Q

identify

An action potential arrives at the (?) and causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane to open

[neuromuscular junction]

A

presynaptic terminal

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29
Q

identify

nucleus:

  • multiple nuclei, peripherally located

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

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30
Q

identify

(?) enter the presynaptic terminal and initiate the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles

[neuromuscular junction]

A

calcium ions

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31
Q

identify what step this is

Ligand-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell, causing the postsynaptic membrane to depolarize.

If depolarization passes threshold, an action potential is generated along the postsynaptic membrane

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 5

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32
Q

identify

the constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time

[types of muscle contractions]

A

muscle tone

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33
Q

identify

special cell-to-cell attachements:

  • none

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

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34
Q

identify

location of Smooth Muscle

A

walls of:

  • hollow organs
  • blood vessels
  • eyes
  • glands
  • skin
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35
Q

identify

“myalgia”; idiopathic

[muscle conditions]

A

chronic muscle pain syndrome

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36
Q

identify

Accumulates contractile proteins in the cytoplasm to develop into mature cell

[muscle development]

A

myoblasts

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37
Q

identify

occurs due to muscle disuse

[muscle conditions]

A

atrophy

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38
Q

identify

isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle, but the opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length

[isotonic contractions]

A

eccentric

39
Q

identify

isotonic contractions in which tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, and the muscle shortens

[isotonic contractions]

A

concentric

40
Q

identify

Light chains interacts with the active sites of the (?)

[myofilaments|thick]

A

Fibrous actin (F actin)

41
Q

identify

two (2) types of isotonic contractions

A
  • concentric
  • eccentric
42
Q

identify

not capable of spontaneous contraction

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

43
Q

identify

overuse of skeletal muscle

[muscle conditions]

A

tendinitis

44
Q

identify what step this is

Choline is symported with Na+ into the presynaptic terminal, where it can be recycled to make ACh.

Acetic acid diffuses away from the synaptic cleft

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 8

45
Q

identify

very long and cylindrical

(1 mm-4 cm, or as much as 30 cm, in length, 10 μm-100 μm in diameter)

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

46
Q

identify

group of genetic disorders of muscle degeneration

[muscle conditions]

A

dystrophy

47
Q

identify

three (3) subunits of troponin

[myofilaments|thin]

A
  • troponin I (TnI)
  • troponin C (TnC)
  • troponin T (TnT)
48
Q

identify

hides the active sites of F actin molecules

[myofilaments|thin]

A

tropomyosin

49
Q

identify

autoimmune disease that competes with acetylcholine

[muscle conditions]

A

myasthenia gravis

50
Q

identify

spindel-shaped

(15-200 μm in length, 5-8 μm in diameter)

[muscle tissues]

A

smooth muscle

51
Q

identify

deposition of connective tissue

[muscle conditions]

A

fibrosis

52
Q

identify what step this is

ACh is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 3

53
Q

identify

charge difference across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell. Produces the action potential

[action potential & resting membrane potential]

A

resting membrane potential

54
Q

identify

alteration of genes that code for dystrophin

[muscle conditions]

A

Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy

55
Q

identify

electrical signal travelling from the brain, passes through the spinal cord, then to the muscle fibers causing them to contract. Requires resting membrane potential

[action potential & resting membrane potential]

A

action potential

56
Q

identify

Ligand-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the (?), causing the (?) to depolarize

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • postsynaptic cell
  • postsynaptic membrane
57
Q

identify

function:

  • moving food through digestrive tract
  • emptying the urinary bladder
  • regulating blood vessel diameter
  • changing pupil size
  • contracting many gland ducts
  • moving hair

[muscle tissues]

A

smooth muscle

58
Q

identify

Mature cells that make up the functional unit of the
muscular system

[muscle development]

A

muscle fibers

59
Q

identify

acetylcholine (ACh) diffuses across the (?) and binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the (?)

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic membrane
60
Q

identify

Once active sites on G actin molecules are exposed, the heads of the (?) bind to them to form (?)

[muscle contraction]

A
  • myosin myofilaments
  • cross-bridges
61
Q

identify

the functional unit of the muscular system

[muscle development]

A

sarcomere

62
Q

identify

location of Cardiac Muscle

A

heart

63
Q

identify

acetylcholine (ACh) is released into the synaptic cleft by (?)

[neuromuscular junction]

A

exocytosis

64
Q

identify

the concentration of (?) outside the plasma membrane is higher than that inside the plasma membrane

[resting membrane potential]

A

Na+ (sodium ion)

65
Q

identify

The depolarization of the T tubule causes (?) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open, resulting in an increase in the permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to Ca2+, especially in the terminal cisternae.

Calcium ions then diffuse from the (?) into the (?)

[muscle contraction]

A
  • voltage-gated Ca+2 channels
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • sarcoplasm
66
Q

identify

mononucleated cells that fuse together to form a myoblast

[muscle development]

A

myoblast precursor cells

67
Q

identify

action potentials are propagated down the (?) to the (?)

[action potential propagation]

A
  • axon
  • axon terminal
68
Q

identify

muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract

[functional properties of muscles]

A

extensibility

69
Q

identify

binds to actin

[troponin]

A

troponin I (TnI)

70
Q

identify

prolonged skeletal muscle tension

[muscle conditions]

A

fibrositis

71
Q

identify what step this is

ACh is re-formed within the presynaptic terminal using acetic acid generated from metabolism and from choline recycled from the synaptic cleft.

ACh is then taken up by synaptic vesicles

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 9

72
Q

identify

three (3) types of muscle contractions

A
  • isometric contractions
  • isotonic contractions
  • muscle tone
73
Q

identify

involuntary control

[muscle tissues]

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
74
Q

identify what step this is

ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the postsynaptic membrane

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 4

75
Q

identify

dehydration and ion imbalance

[muscle conditions]

A

cramps

76
Q

identify

The concentration of (?) inside the plasma membrane is higher than that outside the plasma membrane,

[resting membrane potential]

A

K+ (potassium cation)

77
Q

identify

special cell-to-cell attachments:

  • gap junctions

[muscle tissues]

A

smooth muscle

78
Q

identify

no striations

[muscle tissues]

A

smooth muscle

79
Q

identify

two (2) types of muscular dystrophy

[muscle conditions]

A
  • Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy
  • Myotonic muscular dystrophy
80
Q

identify

special cell-to-cell attachements:

  • intercalated disks join cells to one another

[muscle tissues]

A

cardiac muscle

81
Q

identify

binds to tropomysin

[troponin]

A

troponin T (TnT)

82
Q

identify

ACh is re-formed within the (?) using (?) generated from metabolism and from choline recycled from the synaptic cleft.

ACh is then taken up by synaptic vesicles

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • presynaptic terminal
  • acetic acid
83
Q

identify

normal in skeletal muscles; abnormal in cardiac muscles

[muscle conditions]

A

hypertrophy

84
Q

identify what step this is

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft by breaking it down into acetic acid and choline

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 7

85
Q

identify

Calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to (?)

The troponin molecules bound to G actin molecules are released, causing tropomyosin to move, and to expose the active sites on (?)

[muscle contraction]

A
  • troponin molecules
  • G actin
86
Q

identify

three (3) types of body muscles

A
  • smooth
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
87
Q

identify

Each sarcomere is separated by a (?) which are seen within each I band

[muscle proteins]

A

Z disk

88
Q

identify

ability of muscle to shorten forcefully and passively lengthens

[functional properties of muscles]

A

contractility

89
Q

identify

Muscle fibers no longer multiply maintaining a relatively constant number after birth.

The increase in size is due to (?) in response to muscle usage

[muscle development]

A

hypertrophy

90
Q

identify

binds to calcium

[troponin]

A

troponin C (TnC)

91
Q

identify

voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

92
Q

identify

capable of spontaneous contraction

[muscle tissues]

A
  • smooth muscle (some)
  • cardiac muscle
93
Q

identify

Ligand-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell, causing the postsynaptic membrane to depolarize.

If depolarization passes threshold, an (?) is generated along the (?)

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • action potential
  • postsynaptic membrane

HISTO | MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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