Circulatory System Flashcards
identify
the only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature.
RBC
identify
contains loose to moderately dense FECT, +/- scattered smooth muscles cells.
[blood vessels]
tunica adventitia
identify
- bilobed
- red/dark pink (granules)
- 1-4 (count)
- 1-2 weeks (life span)
- kill helminthic and other parasites
- modulate local inflammation
[granulocytes]
eosinophils
identify
A thicker layer of (?) (with many elastic fibers) and smooth muscle forms the center of the connective tissue region
[endocardium]
moderately dense FECT
identify
marks the boundary between the tunica media and the tunica adventita
[blood vessels]
external elastic lamina (elastica externa)
identify
- thin (relative to other layers in the this type of vessels)
- Endothelium
- Subendothelium layer contain some smooth muscle, elastic fibers, collagen fibers
[large arteries]
tunica intima
identify
- thick
- Circular Smooth Muscle, 5-40 layers
- Small amount of CT with collagen fibers and elastic fibers (longitudinal orientation) between muscle
- Thickness decreases as diameter of vessel decreases
[small arteries]
tunica media
identify
2 functional parts of cardiovascular system
- blood vascular system
- lymph vascular system
identify
distributes nutrients, gases, hormones, to all parts of the body
collects wastes produced during cellular metabolism
blood vascular system
identify
to collect blood from post-capillary venules
large venules
identify
The fluid found within the lymph vascular system
lymph
identify
- bilobed or S-shaped
- dark blue/purple (granules)
- 0.5-1 (count)
- several months (life span)
- modulate inflammation
- release histamine during allergy
[granulocytes]
basophils
identify
Consists only of endothelium, but may be partially surrounded by pericytes
capillaries
identify
usually distinguishable
[large veins]
internal elastic lamina
identify
- very thick
- moderately dense FECT with spirally arranged collagen fibers, elastic laminae, longitudinal smooth muscle
[large veins]
tunica adventitia
identify
Is the outer layer of the heart and consists of a connective tissue region covered by a mesothelium on its outer surface
epicardium
identify
These granules are the source of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone which influence blood pressure by affecting kidney function
atrial specific granules
identify
- spherical
- no specific granules
- 20-40 (count)
- hours to many years (life span)
- effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
[agranulocytes]
lymphocytes
identify
Cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium are arranged in strands whose ends attach to the (?) which surrounds the valves
[myocardium]
dense connective tissue
identify
- thin
- 1-3 layers of smooth muscle (circular) with collagen and elastic fibers between muscles
[large venules]
tunica media
identify
to collect blood from smaller venous vessels
smaller to medium veins
identify
refers to the part of cardiac skeleton that is in the intraventicular septum
septum
identify
Size varies from 10 microns to 1mm
venules
identify
a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called PLASMA
blood
identify
- indented or S-shaped
- no specific granules
- 2-8 (count)
- hours to years (life span)
- precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells
[agranulocytes]
monocytes
identify
usually present except in smaller arterioles
[arterioles]
interenal elastic lamina
identify
referred to as peripheral resistance vessels
arterioles
identify
contains layers of either elastic laminae/lamellae (fenestrated sheets) or FECT alternating with layers of smooth muscle
[blood vessels]
tunica media
identify
are the site of normal exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid
capillaries
identify
the luminal layer
[blood vessels]
tunica intima
identify
- thick
- 40-60 distinct, concentrically arranged elastic laminae
- Between elastic laminae fibroblasts, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, spiral (to circular) smooth muscle
[large arteries]
tunica media
identify
prevent backflow of blood
valves
identify
“Pacemakers” in the heart
modified cardiac muscle cells
identify
- have extremely thin cytoplasm and the capillary wall is perforated at intervals by pores or fenestrations.
- Lateral cell surfaces are characterized by zonula occludes (tight junctions).
- Materials apparently cross the cells through the fenestrations.
- These capillaries are found in the kidney and in endocrine glands
[capillaries]
fenestrated capillaries (type 2)
identify
- thick
- loose FECT containing longitudinal collagen fibers and scattered elastic fibers and fibroblast
[large venules]
tunica adventitia
identify
- thicker
- Endothelium
- Thin subdothelial layer
[large veins]
tunica intima
identify
may be indistinct in smaller muscular arteries
[small arteries]
external elastic lamina
identify
- a distributing vehicle, transporting O2, CO2, metabolites, hormones, and other substances to cells throughout the body.
- It participates in heart distribution, the regulation of body temperature, and the maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance
blood
identify
Is the middle layer of the heart wall and contains the cardiac muscle throughout most of the heart
myocardium
identify
The lumen of the heart is lined by an endothelium consisting of a typical (?) with well-developed (?) and (?)
- simple squamous epithelium
- zolunae occludens
- basal laminae
identify
1 to 5 layers of smooth muscle, some elastic fibers
[arterioles]
tunica media
identify
A thin layer of loose FECT, often referred to as the (?), containing many blood vessels joins the endocardium to the myocardium
Purkinje fibers run in this layer in the interventricular septum
[endocardium]
subendocardial layer
identify
marks the boundary between the tunica intima and the tunica media
[blood vessels]
internal elastic lamina (elastica interna)
identify
surrounds the AV and semilunar orifices
[cardiac skeleton]
annuli fibrosi
identify
- have relatively thick cytoplasm and the capillary wall is continuous.
- Lateral cell surface of cells are characterized by zonula occludes (tight junctions), s materials move across cells via pinocytosis or diffusion.
- These capillaries occur in most organs
[capillaries]
continuous capillaries (type 1)
identify
fluid found within the blood vascular system
blood
identify
- thin
- poorly developed
- mostly FECT
- little smooth muscle
[large veins]
tunica media
identify
- round/discoid
- blue/purple
- 8-11 days (life span)
platelets
identify
not as distinct as in other arteries
[large arteries]
internal elastic lamina
identify
- thin
- Endothelium
- Thin, subendothelium layer consisting of scattered fine collagen and elastic fibers and a few fibroblasts
[small arteries]
tunica intima
identify
(?) and (?) are thicker in the ventricles than the atria
- endocardium
- epicardium
identify
- Collects blood from capillaries
- Respond to vasoactive agents (e.g., histamine, serotonin) by altering permeability
- Also a site of exchange of materials between tissue fluid and blood
- Site exit of WBCs from blood into tissue
venules
identify
- Function for immunity and defense
- Become active outside the circulation, specifically leaving the microvasculature in a process involving cytokines, selective adhesion, changes in the endothelium, and transendothelial migration or diapedesis
WBC
identify
collects tissue fluids from tissues and returns it to the blood vascular system
lymph vascular system
identify
- thick
- loose FECT
[small arteries]
tunica adventitia
identify
- are larger in diameter than the other types and have wide spaces between the lateral edges of the adjacent endothelial cells, so materials (and some cells) can move freely in and out of the capillary.
- found in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
[capillaries]
sinusoidal capillaries
identify
- covers the outer surface of the heart (except where the arteries leave and the great veins enter the heart).
- This covering epithelium closely resembles the mesothelial covering of the other thoracic and abdominal organs
mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
identify
located between the semilunar and AV orifices
[cardiac skeleton]
trigona fibrosa
identify
consists of blind-ended capillaries connected to venous vessels and various lymphoid organs
lymph vascular system
identify
may be a site of exit of WBCs from blood into tissue under some conditions, although this is probably more frequent in venules
capillaries
identify
(?) holds bundles of cardiac muscle cells/fibers together and contains numerous blood vessels
[myocardium]
loose FECT
identify
thin; consists mainly of collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves; some elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages may also be present
[large arteries]
tunica advetitia
identify
very distinct, usually folded
[small arteries]
internal elastic lamina
identify
- They are approximately 7.5μm in diameter, 2.6μm thick at the rim, but only 0.75μm thick in the center which gives them the biconcave shape
- They are terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei and completely filled with the O^2 carrying protein hemoglobin
- are normally quite flexible, which permits them to bend and adapt to the irregular turns and small diameter of capillaries
RBC/erythrocytes
identify
- well developed
- loose FECT with longitudinally arranged collagen and elastic fibers, bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle
[small to medium veins]
tunica advetitia
identify
- larger diameter than capillaries
- consists of endothelium surrounded by pericytes
post-capillary venules
identify
consists of continuum blood vessels and muscular pump
blood vascular system
identify
The presence of (?) gives these vessels elastic properties.
They expand as the heart contracts (to modulate blood pressure and store energy) and recoil during ventricular relaxation.
[large arteries]
elastic laminae
identify
three (3) types of capillaries
- continuous capillaries (type 1)
- fenestrated capillaries (tye 2)
- sinusoidal capillaries
identify
- Do not have specific granules, but they do contain azurophilic granules (lysosomes), with affinity for the basic stain azure A
- The nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated
agranulocytes
identify
(?) can change diameter very drastically therefore affecting blood pressure and flow patterns
Arterioles
identify
two (2) types of leukocytes
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
identify
Dense FECT (heavily collagenous) replaces the cardiac muscle in region around each of the major heart valves.
This connective tissue frames around each valves is called the (?)
[myocardium]
Cardiac Skeleton
identify
- thin
- Endothelium
- Thin subendothelial layer
- May be folded to form valves
[small to medium veins]
tunica intima
identify
The lumen is lined by an endothelium of (?)
[blood vessels]
simple squamous epithelium
identify
to conduct blood from the heart to smaller arteries and to even out blood pressure and flow.
large arteries
identify
supports each of the heart valves
cardiac skeleton
identify
three (3) layers of the heart
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium (pericardium)
identify
to redistribute blood flow to capillaries and to alter blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance to blood flow.
arterioles
identify
- Possess two major types of cytoplasmic granules
- They have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) nuclear lobes.
granulocytes
identify
to collect blood from medium sized veins and return it to heart
large veins
identify
the thickest in the ventricular region, especially the left ventricle, and contains more cardiac muscle in the ventricles than in the atrium
myocardium
identify
(?) replaces the cardiac muscle in region around each of the major heart valves.
[myocardium]
Dense FECT
identify
very thin consisting only of endothelium
[arterioles]
tunica intima
identify
- thin
- endothelium surrounded by outer sheath of collagen fibers
[large venules]
tunica intima
identify
Is the inner layer of the heart wall and consists of the endothelial lining and the underlying connective tissue layers
endocardium
identify
The so called formed elements circulating in the plasma
- erythrocytes (RBC)
- leukocytes (WBC)
- platelets
identify
- thin
- consisting of longitudinally arranged collagen and elastic
[arterioles]
tunica adventitia
identify
- thin
- circular smooth muscle, collagen fibers, some elastic fibers
[small to medium veins]
tunica media
identify
A thin layer of loose FECT (containing mainly fine collagen fibers) referred to as (?) which is next to the endothelium
[endocardium]
subendothelial layer
identify
to distribute blood to smaller arterial vessel.
small arteries
identify
- 3-5 lobes
- faint/light pink (granules)
- 50-70 (count)
- 1-4 days (life span)
- kill and phagocytose bacteria
[granulocytes]
neutrophils
