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TOB > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the macroscopic structure of skin?

A
  • Colour
  • Hair
  • Thickness
  • Laxity
  • Oiliness
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2
Q

Who is vitiligo a bigger problem for?

A

Darker people

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3
Q

Which group is susceptible to acne?

A

Puberty

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4
Q

Which group is susceptible to UV induced sunburn?

A

Lighter skin

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5
Q

What is skin epidermis mainly made of?

A

Keratinocytes and their products

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6
Q

What are the four layers of skin epidermis, from top to bottom?

A
  • Horny layer (stratum corneum)
  • Granular layer (stratum granulosum)
  • Prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum)
  • Basal layer (Stratum basale)
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7
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • Barrier
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Pyschosexual communication
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8
Q

What are two types of dendritic epidermal cells?

A

Melanocytes and Langerhans cells

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9
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • Dendritic cells of neural crest origin
  • They occur at intervals along basal layer
  • Require special stains to be seen
  • produce melanin
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10
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A
  • Dendritic cells of bone marrow origin
  • Found throughout prickle cell layer
  • Immuno cells, highly specialised to present antigens to T-lymphocytes and mediate immune reactions
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11
Q

Which stain best shows the dermo-epidermal junction?

A

PAS stain

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12
Q

What is the significance of the dermo-epidermal junction in melanoma prognosis?

A

Retention of malignant melanoma above the junction is associated with good outlook

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13
Q

Where does keratinocyte differentiation mainly take place?

A

Basal layer

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14
Q

Which layer do daughter keratinocytes form by moving up?

A

Prickle cell layer, where keratinocytes lose ability to divide

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15
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratins, which contribute to epidermal strength

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16
Q

What happens in the granular layer?

A

Keratinocytes lose their plasma membranes and become corneocytes

17
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A
  • found in stratum corneum
  • aggregations of keratin, phospholipase and cross link proteins (filaggrin aggregates keratins, involucrin is a major part of corneocyte envelope)
18
Q

What is the horny layer made of?

A

Flatted corneocytes

19
Q

What is the transit time of a keratinocyte from basal layer to horny layer?

A

30-40 days

20
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

21
Q

What are the constituents of the dermis?

A
  • Fibroblasts (secrete ecm; type 1 collagen and elastin)
  • Blood vessels (smaller in superficial dermis, larger in deeper)
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Mast cells (Distributed around blood vessels. When activated e.g. during allergic reactions, histamine is released causing increased vascular permeability and leakage of plasma into extravascular sites, causing local oedema. In the skin, this causes urticaria and ‘angio-oedema’.
  • Nerves
22
Q

Describe the condition of psoriasis

A
  • affects around 2% of the population
  • extreme proliferation of epidermal basal layer causing gross thickening of prickle cell layer and excessive stratum corneum production
23
Q

What is malignant melanoma?

A

-Basal cell carcinoma, tumour of melanocytes

24
Q

Describe the condition of vitiligo

A
  • Autoimmune disease

- Immune system attacks melanocytes

25
Q

Describe the condition of alopecia areata

A
  • Autoimmune disease

- Immune system attacks hair follicles

26
Q

Describe eccrine sweat glands of the body

A
  • merocrine
  • major sweat glands of the body.
  • found in most of the skin and produce a clear, odourless substance, consisting of water and NaCl (NaCl is reabsorbed in the duct to reduce salt loss).
  • active in thermoregulation, controlled by the hypothalamus
27
Q

Describe apocrine sweat glands of the body

A
  • large sweat glands
  • most abundant in axillae (underarms), genital and submammary areas
  • no function of value
  • produce odourless, protein-rich, apocrine secretion.
  • Digestion of this by Cutaneous microbes produces body odour.
28
Q

Describe the structure of sweat glands

A
  • composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct (acrosyringium),
  • a straight dermal portion
  • coiled acinar portion in the dermis.

TOB (14 decks)

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