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Physical Assessment > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Macule

A

cirucumscribed, flat, nonpalpable change in skin color
up to 1cm
ex. freckles, flat nevi, hypopigmentation, petechiae, measles, scarlet fever

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2
Q

Patch

A

macule larger than 1 cm

ex. Mongolian spot, vitiligo, cafe au lait spot, choloasma, measles rash

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3
Q

Papule

A

palpable, elevated, circumscribed, solid mass
caused by superficial thickening in the epidermis
up to 0.5 cm
ex. Elevated nevus, lichen planus, molluscum, wart

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4
Q

Plaque

A

flat, elevated surface larger than 0.5 cm
often formed by coalescence of papules
larger than 0.5cm
ex. Psoriasis, lichen planus, xanthoma

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5
Q

Nodule

A

solid, elevated, firm or soft mass larger than 0.5cm
may be firmer and extend deeper into the dermis than a papule
0.5 to 1 or 2cm
ex. Xanthoma, fibroma, intradermal nevi

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6
Q

Tumor

A 
solid, elevated, firm or soft mass larger than 1-2cm
extending even deeper into dermis
may be benign or malignant
larger than 1-2cm
ex. Lipoma, hemangioma
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7
Q

Wheal

A

superficial, raised, erythmatous, transient lesion with somewhat irregular borders due to localized edema
size varies
ex. mosquito bite, allergic reaction, dermographism

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8
Q

Urticaria

A

Wheals coalescing to form an extensive reaction
intensely pruritic
size varies
ex. Hives

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9
Q

Vesicle

A

circumscribed, superficial, elevated cavity containing free fluid
clear fluid flows if wall is ruptured
up to 1cm
ex. Herpes simplex, early varicella, herpes zoster (shingles), contact dermatitis

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10
Q

Bulla

A 
larger vesicle
usually single chambered (unilocular)
superficial in epidermis
thin-walled (ruptures easily)
Larger than 1cm
ex. friction blister, pemphigus, burns, contact dermatitis
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11
Q

Pustule

A

circumscribed, superficial, elevated cavity containing turbid fluid (pus)
up to 1cm
ex. impetigo, acne

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12
Q

Cyst

A

encapsulated, fluid- or pus-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer
tensely elevating the skin
larger than 1cm
ex. sebaceous cyst, wen

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13
Q

secondary skin lesion

A

usually occur after a primary lesion

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14
Q

Crust

A

thickened, dried residue or burst vesicles, pustules, or blood
can be red-brown, honey-colored, or yellow depending on fluid’s origin
ex. eczema, impetigo, scab following an abrasion

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15
Q

Scale

A 
compact, desiccated flakes of skin
dry or greasy
silvery or white, from shedding excess dead keratin cells
visible exfoliation of the dermis
ex. post scarlet fever or drug reaction
psoriasis (silvery)
seborrheic dermatitis (yellow, greasy)
dandruff, dry skin
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16
Q

excoriation

A

scratch
superficial
ex. scratch from a foreign body, insect bites, scabies, dermatitis, varicella

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17
Q

Fissure

A

linear crack with abrupt edges
extends into dermis
can be dry or moist
ex. Cheilosis (at corners of mouth), athlete’s foot, anal fissure

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18
Q

Erosion

A

superficial, circumscribed loss of epidermis
leaves a scooped-out, but shallow depression
moist, but no bleeding
heals without a scar because does not extend into dermis
ex. stage 2 decubitus ulcer, burn (most likely a scalding)

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19
Q

Ulcer

A

circumscribed depression extending into the dermis
irregular shape
may bleed
leaves a scar
ex. stasis ulcer, pressure sore, chancre, malignant growth

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20
Q

scar

A

replacement of destroyed normal skin tissue by fibrous connective tissue
a permanent change

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21
Q

keloid

A

hypertrophic scar
resulted skin level is elevated by excess scar tissue
ex. keloid

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22
Q

Lichenification

A

thickening and roughening of skin, usually a result of intense scratching
results from a set of tightly packed set of papules
causes increased visibility of the superficial skin markings
ex. long-standing eczema, atopic dermatitis

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23
Q

Jaundice

A

rise in bilirubin in blood
1st place noticeable–sclera of eye or roof of mouth
hepatitis, sickle cell, cirrhosis of liver
infants–physiological-first few days

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24
Q

Erythema

A

excess blood supply in areas closest to surface
blushing or infection
in darker skinned people–feel if warmth or skin more taut
most common–carbon monoxide poisoining

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25
Q

Cyanosis

A 
bluish, modeled color
decreased perfusion of oxygenated blood
most often will show signs of low oxygen
level--general 
generalized--heart failure, sepsis
hypoxemia
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26
Q

Vitiligo

A

acquired condition
absence of melanin
usually on the face, neck

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27
Q

Acanthosis Nigricans

A

adolescents
increased pigmentation around the neck
precursor to diabetes
can be a sign of a tumor or other condition

28
Q

Mongolian spots

A 
due to deeper melanocytes
sacrum and buttocks
does not blanche
will go away
infants
29
Q

Cafe au lait spot

A

generally benign
light brown pigmentation
if 6 or more, send for consult

30
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

common in newborn the first day

does blanche

31
Q

Cutis marmorata

A

response to cold
can be critical
for baby–oxygen needs double with a two-degree change in temperature

32
Q

Acne

A

comedonal–whitehead (closed), blackhead (open)

pustular–infection, larger

33
Q

Senile lentigines

A

liver spots

34
Q

Lymphedema

A

does not pit, but obvious to see

35
Q

orthostatic edema

A

result of standing in place for a long time

36
Q

edema

A

signs of fluid in interstitial tissues

to test, push with thumb over bony prominence for 4-5 sec

37
Q

eschar

A

black

38
Q

serous

A

yellow

39
Q

purulent

A

puss filled

40
Q

serosanguinous

A

yellow with a tinge of blood

41
Q

annular

A

circular lesion

42
Q

confluent

A

legions running together

43
Q

discrete

A

single lesion

44
Q

grouped

A

cluster of lesions

45
Q

gyrate

A

twisted, coiled lesions

46
Q

target

A

lesion with target in center (Lyme)

47
Q

polycyclic

A

circular lesions growing together

48
Q

zosteriform

A

follows the nerve root, when comes back follows the same root

49
Q

petechiae

A

vascular lesion
red
pin sized macules of blood in skin
less than 3mm

50
Q

purpura

A

vascular lesion
larger macule or papule of blood in the skin
0.3-1cm
do not blanch

51
Q

ecchymosis

A

vascular lesion
from a bruise
small hemorrhagic spot in the skin or mucous membrane
larger than a petechia
non-elevated, rounded, or irregular blue or purplish patch
escape of blood into tissue from ruptured blood vessels
1cm

52
Q

Cherry angioma

A 
vascular lesion
start around age 30
also called Campbell de Morgan spots
small bright red papules
benign
common on trunks of middle-aged and elderly
53
Q

spider angioma

A

vascular lesion–will blanch
if a lot on trunk–liver disease
children and pregnant women can have (esp. on face)

54
Q

Telangiectasia

A

inside basal cell carcinomas
permanently dilated and visible vessels in skin
can appear as linear, punctuate, or stellate crimson-purple markings
can be caused by nifedipine

55
Q

Nevus Flammeus–Port Wine Stain

A 
type of erythematous
"stork bite" on babies
present at birth
caused by dilated dermal capillaries
pale pink to purple macules
56
Q

Herpes Simplex I

A

viral infection

cold sore

57
Q

Herpes Simplex II

A

viral infection

can be found in mouth or on genitals

58
Q

Varicella (chicken pox)

A

viral infection

another form of herpes

59
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

A

viral infection
zoster–only on one side
if on facial nerve, can paralyze
if in ear, can go deaf

60
Q

Skin Cancer Warning Signs

A

A–Asymmetry in shape
B–Border irregularity
C–Color is mottled-shades of brown, black, grey, red, white
D–Diameter is unusually large (greater than pencil tip)
E–Elevation is almost always present
E–Enlargement–history of increase in size (malignant melanoma)

61
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A 
most common malignancy
locally invasive and destructive
slow growing
rarely metastasized
almost translucent, dome-shaped papule with overlying telangeictasias (permanently dilated blood vessels)
62
Q

Acetinic keratosis on scalp

A

keratonic lesions with malignant potential

can turn into squamous cell carcinoma

63
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

de novo–show up by itself
invasive malignancy
commonly found on head, neck or hands
may arise from acetinic keratosis

64
Q

melanoma

A

superficial spreading–flat and irregular

nodular–dark color

65
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive hairiness on women in those parts of body where terminal hair does not normally occur or is minimal
depends on genetic background
on face and back
check for polycystic ovarian syndrome

66
Q

Clubbing

A

when end of nail flattens and becomes greater than 180 degrees

Physical Assessment (4 decks)

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