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Anatomy and Physiology H > skin > Flashcards

skin Flashcards

1
Q

epidermal wound healing process

A
  • abrasion or minor burn
  • basal cells migrate across the wound
  • contact inhibition w/ other cells then stops migration
  • epidermal growth factor stimulates cell division
  • full thickness of epidermis results from further cell division
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2
Q

deep wound healing process

A

4 phases if reaches dermis

1) inflammatory phase
2) migratory phase
3) proliferative phase
4) maturation phase

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3
Q

inflammatory phase

A

clots unite wound edges and white blood cells arrive from dilated and more permeable blood vessels

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4
Q

migratory phase

A

regrowth of epithelial cells & formation of scar tissue thru fibroblasts

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5
Q

proliferative phase

A

completion of tissue formation from fibroblasts

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6
Q

maturation phase

A

scab falls off

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7
Q

first degree burn

A

only in epidermis (sunburn)

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8
Q

second degree burn

A

destroys epidermis and part of dermis
- fluid filled blisters separate epidermis and dermis
- epidermal derivatives are not damaged
- heals w/o grafting in 3-4 weeks but may scar

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9
Q

third degree burn

A

full thickness burn
- destroys epidermis, dermis, and epidermal derivatives
- damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves

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10
Q

skin grafts

A

used when new skin cannot regenerate (stratum basale & stem cells are destroyed)

skin graft is covering of wound with piece of healthy skin
common place: buttocks, thigh

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11
Q

autologous skin

A

transportation of patients skin grown in culture

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11
Q

isograft

A

skin graft from twin

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11
Q

autograph

A

skin graft from self

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12
Q

rules of 9

A

way to determine extent of burns
- body is divided into 11 areas each representing 9% of total body surface area

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13
Q

problems of rules of 9

A
  • shock due to water, plasma, and plasma protein
  • circulatory & kidney problem from loss of plasma
  • bacterial infection
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14
Q

photodamage

A

ultraviolet lights (UVA & UVB) both damage the skin
- acute overexposure causes sunburn
- DNA damage can lead to skin cancer

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15
Q

UVA

A
  • longer wavelengths that penetrate deep into skin (layers under skin)
  • leads to skin inflammation and skin cancer
  • produces oxygen free radicals that damage collagen and elastic fibers (wrinkling in skin)
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16
Q

UVB

A
  • shorter UVB waves cause skin to burn
  • driver of skin ell mutations that cause skin cancer
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17
Q

skin cancer

A

1 million cases a year

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18
Q

3 most common types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasize)
squamous cell carcinoma (may metastasize)
malignant melanomas (metastasize rapidly)

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19
Q

malignant melanomas

A
  • most common cancer in young women
  • arise from melanocytes (life threatening)
  • key for treatment is ABCDE

risk factors: skin color, sun exposure, family history, age, & immunological status

20
Q

stages of melanoma

A

0: melanoma confined to epidermal region of skin
1: localized disease, only in skin & v/ thin
2: localized disease, thicker than stage 1
3: spreads to lymph nodes
4: spreads to other organs

21
Q

ABCDE

A

a (symmetry)
b (orders): uneven, jagged borders
c (colors): more than 1 color
d (iameter): larger than pencil eraser (1/4 in)
e (volving):suddenly changing in size, shape, color, etc

22
Q

shaft

A
  • visible
  • medulla, cortex, cuticle
  • hs round in straight hair
  • hs oval in wavy hair
23
Q

follicle

A
  • surronds root
  • external root sheathe
  • internal root sheathe
    -base of follicle is bulb: blood vessels, germinal cell layer
24
Q

root

A

below the surface

25
Q

arrector pili

A
  • smooth muscle in dermis contracts w/ cold or fear
  • forms goosebumps as hair is pulled vertically
26
Q

hair root plexus

A

detects hair movement

27
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A

secretary portion in the dermis (most open into hair shafts)
- sebum
- acne

28
Q

sebum

A
  • combination of cholesterol, proteins, fat, & salts
  • keeps hair and skin soft and pliable
  • inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi (ringworm)
29
Q

acne

A
  • bacterial inflammation of glands
  • secretions stimulated by hormones at puberty
  • antibiotics kill bacteria trapped in skin pores
30
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

duct to surface
- most areas of skin
- secretory portion in dermis w/ duct to surface
- regulate body temperature w/ perspiration

31
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A

duct to dermis hair follicle
- armpit and pubic region
- secretions more viscous (“milky”)

32
Q

cells in epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • langerhan cells
  • merkel cells
  • fibroblast cells
33
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • 90%
  • produce keratin
  • a fibrous protein protecting skin & tissue
34
Q

melanocytes

A
  • 8%
  • produces melanin pigment
  • melanin transferred to other cells w/long cell process
  • absorb uv rays and determines skin color
35
Q

langerhan cells

A

from bone marrow, provides immunity

36
Q

merkel cells

A

deepest layer, form light touch receptor w/ sensory neuron

37
Q

fibroblast cells

A

produce fibrous protein called collagen

38
Q

general function of skins

A
  • regulation of body temp
  • protection as physical barrier
  • sensory receptors
  • exception and absorption
  • synthesis of vitamin d from uv rays
39
Q

regulation of body temp

A

thermoregulation
- perspiration and evaporation
- dusting blood flow to body surface
- shivering & constriction of blood vessels raises internal body temp

40
Q

moderate exercise

A

more blood to surface to lower temp

41
Q

extreme exercise

A

blood shunted to muscles, body temp rises

42
Q

protection as physical barrier

A
  • tight cell junctions prevent bacterial invasions
  • lipids released hinder evaporation
  • melanin & other pipgment protect against uv radiation
  • langerham cells alert immune system
43
Q

sensory receptors

A

> touch - meissner’s corpuscle
temperature (change) - termoreceptro
pressure - pacinian corpuscle
vibration - merkel cells
tickling & some pain sensations - nociceptor

44
Q

excretion

A
  • only a minor role played by skin
  • 400 mL evaporates daily
  • small amounts salt, co2, ammonia, & urea excreted
45
Q

absorption

A
  • lipid soluble substances cane absorbed thru skin
  • vitamin A,D,E,K, & oxygen and CO2
  • acetone, & dry cleaning fluid, etc
46
Q

synthesis of vitamin d

A
  • sunlight activates precursor to vitamin d
  • enzymes in liver & kidney transform molecule into calcitriol (most active form of vitamin d)
  • necessary vitamin for absorption of calcium from food in the gastrointestinal tract
47
Q

carotene

A

@ dermis
- yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A)
- stratum corneum and dermis

48
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells
  • if other pigment not present epidermis is translucent (pinkness evident)`
49
Q

age related structural changes

A
  • collagen fibers decrease
  • elastic fibers less elastic
  • fibroblasts decrease in number
  • oil glands shrink and skin becomes dry
  • wall of blood vessels in dermis thicken, decreasing nutrient availability. this leads to thinner skin as subcutaneous fat is lost

Anatomy and Physiology H (4 decks)

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