blood & heart Flashcards
cardiac output equation
= stroke volume * heart rate
4800 mL = 60 mL * 80
systolic vs diastolic
systolic = force produced by heart when it pumps blood out to the body
diastolic = pressure in blood vessels when heart is at rest
stroke volume
edv - esv
end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
systole
ventricular contraction
(shorter, takes 1/3 of cardiac cycle)
- ventricles contract, pump blood out of heart into vascular system
- begins with av valves closure and ends w pulmonary valves closing
diastole
ventricular relaxation and expansion
(longer, 2/3 of the cardiac cycle)
- ventricles relax and fill with blood which flows from the atria
- phase starts w/ closure of pulmonary valves and ends with closure of av valves
heart layers
outermost
- fibrous pericardium
- serous pericardium; parietal layer
- (space) serous pericardium; pericardial cavity
- serous pericardium; visceral layer (epicardium)
- myocardium
- endocardium
innermost
systemic vs pulmonary
systemic: blood vessels nourish the organ systems and upper&lower body
pulmonary: blood vessels go to left &right lungs only
oxygenated
left atrium, left ventricle
pulmonary veins
aorta
deoxygenated
right atrium, right ventricle
pulmonary artiers
superior & inferior vena cava
pulmonary trunk
artery vs vein
artery has no valves, smaller lumen, and thicker smooth muscle layer
vein has a valve, larger lumen, thinner smooth muscle layer
layers of artery/veins
deep
endothelium (tunica intima)
subendothelial layer (tunica intima)
—> internal elastic membrane
smooth muscle (tunica media)
—> external elastic membrane
tunic externa
outer
blood functions
- transports oxygen from lungs to body cells, brings waste carbon dioxide to the lungs
- transports nutrients and hormones
- regulates body temperature
- protects from pathogens
- clots to prevent blood loss at sites of injury
55% of blood
plasma (matrix), yellowish in color
90% water, rest is suspended blood cells and nutrients
- carries electrolytes, enzymes, homrones
- maintains homeostasis by releasing heat
- transports waste products (urea, uric acid, creatinine) to unitary system to leave body in the urine
45% of blood
formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets
- blood formed in hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow differentiates into RBC (40-45%), WBC (1%), and megakaryocytes (break off into platelets that contain chemicals that promote blood clotting at site of injury)
- as RBC mature, they produce hemoglobin and eject nuclei + organelles to make room for efficient gas transport
- cells in liver produce hormone to stimulate RBC production
AB vs O
A and B alleles are dominant
O is recessive
blood type O alleles
ii
blood type A alleles
AA or Ao
blood type B alleles
BB or Bo
blood type AB alleles
A and B
plasma
carries dissolved substances to the body cells
thickest layer in heart
myocardium
type of blood vessel w/ a pulse
arteries, carrying blood away from heart
lub dub sound
mitral and tricuspid valves closing
what connects other vessels allowing blood to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
capillaries
order vein artery capillary arteriole largest to smallest
artery > vein > arteriole > capillary
4 components of blood
RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets (or thrombocytes)
types of wbc
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
produced in bone marrow
conduction system
0.22 seconds!
- electrical impulse at sa node (allows for atria to contract and pump blood to ventricles)
- pause of impulse at av node
- passage of impulse to bundle of His
- branching of signal into bundle branches of each ventricle, allowing ventricle to contract and pump blood out of heart
- culmination of signal at purkinje fibres
