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HUBS192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system

A

Skin + accessory structures

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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system

A

Protection, excretion, temperature regulation, melanin and keratin production, vitamin D3 synthesis, lipid storage, detection

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3
Q

What are the cutaneous layers of the skin

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer of the skin

A

Hypodermis

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5
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Stratified barrier, mostly keratinocytes, no blood circulation

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6
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Protein fibres for strength, vascular (nourishes epidermis)

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7
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

What is simple epithelia

A

A single layer of epithelial cells

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9
Q

What is stratified epithelia

A

Stacked layers of epithelial cells

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10
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells

A

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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11
Q

What type of epithelia makes up the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous

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12
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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13
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Dead, dried out hard cells without nuclei or organelles. Abundance of keratin in this layer

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14
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Contains granules that promote dehydration of the cell, crosslinking of keratin fibre. Waxy material secreted into intercellular spaces.

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15
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

Spinous, prickly cell layer. Intercellular bridges called desmosomes link cells together. Cells increasingly flattened as you move up. Contains dendritic cells

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16
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains immune cells

A

Stratum spinosum

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17
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum

A

Thin, translucent layer made of keratinocytes becoming more flattened, present only in thick skin

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18
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Columnar, regenerative cells. As basal cells divide, daughter cell migrates up to replenish layer above

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19
Q

Where are desmosomes present in skin

A

Anchor adjacent cells in epidermis

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20
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes present in skin

A

Anchors stratum basale to dermis

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21
Q

How do the epidermis and dermis fit together

A

Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

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22
Q

What is a dermal papilla

A

Projection from the dermis adjacent to the epidermal ridges. Increase SA and bind epidermis and dermis closely

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer, reticular layer

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24
Q

What is the papillary layer

A

Layer of the dermis, highly vascularised for nourishment

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25
Q

What is the reticular layer

A

Mesh like structure of collagen and elastin fibres for strength

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26
Q

What is a plexus

A

A network of blood vessels or nerves

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27
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus

A

Network of blood vessels present the junction of dermis/hypodermis. Supplies the hypodermis, deeper dermis, including capillaries for hair follicles and sweat glands

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28
Q

What is the subpapillary plexus

A

Branches from the cutaneous plexus, lies deep to papillary layer of dermis. Network of blood vessels providing oxygen and nutrients to the upper dermis and epidermis

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29
Q

What is the hypodermis

A

Not considered part of skin, dominated by adipocytes that produce subcutaneous fat which stores energy and provides insulation

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30
Q

What are the features of a first degree burn

A

Superficial, erythema (red/pink, dry, painful), usually no blisters, remains a water and bacterial barrier. Heals in 3-10 days

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31
Q

What are the features of a second degree burn

A

Epidermis + dermis, painful, moist, red, blistered. Heal is 1-2 weeks. Deeper may include whiteish, waxy looking areas, accessory structures may remain, may have some loss of sensation and scarring, usually heal in one month

32
Q

What are the features of a third degree burn

A

Full thickness: extend into subcutaneous tissue, may involve muscle and bone. Can vary from waxy white to deep red or black. Hard, dry, leathery skin. No pain as sensory nerve endings are destroyed, may require skin grafting. Weeks to regenerate + scarring

33
Q

What is hair made of

A

Dead, keratinised cells produced inside a hair follicle

34
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle

A

Muscle which contracts to form goosebumps

35
Q

What is the root hair plexus

A

Collection of sensory nerves at the base of each hair follicle for heightened sensation

36
Q

What are sebaceous glands

A

Glands next to hair shafts which produce an oily secretion called sebum

37
Q

What is the purpose of sebum

A

Nourishes hair shaft, moisturises skin, water repellent

38
Q

What is an eccrine sweat gland

A

Found in most areas, pour watery secretions directly onto skin surface. Important in thermoregulation and excretion, some antibacterial action

39
Q

What is an apocrine sweat gland

A

Found in specific areas (e.g armpit, groin), secrete sticky/oily and potentially odorous secretions. Influenced by hormones

40
Q

What are the three types of receptors

A

Tactile, lamellar, bulbous

41
Q

What are the functions of nails

A

Protection, sensation enhancement

42
Q

How is skin affected by aging

A

Thins, sags/wrinkles due to reduced collagen, slower repair, drier, impaired cooling, less pigmentation

43
Q

How does smoking affect skin aging

A

Damages collagen and elastin, linked with poor wound healing, acne, skin and oral cancers

44
Q

Where are melanocytes located

A

Stratum basale (not shed). Density varies throughout body and time

45
Q

What does the melanin pigment do

A

Absorbs UV light, protecting cells from damage

46
Q

What do melanocytes do

A

Produce melanin pigment, transfer to epidermal cells by melanosomes (found throughout epidermis)

47
Q

What is a mole

A

Cluster of melanocytes. Over proliferation can be caused by sun exposure

48
Q

What is a freckle

A

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes. Over production triggered by sun exposure

49
Q

What is vitamin D essential for (UV exposure required for synthesis)

A

Calcium metabolism and strong bones

50
Q

What happens when pigmentation does not match UV exposure

A

Highly pigmented people more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency, lowly pigmented people more susceptible to skin cancer

51
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma

A

Relatively benign tumour, metastasis rare, originates in stratum basale

52
Q

What is a malignant melanoma

A

Tumour originating in melanocytes, highly metastatic

53
Q

The thickness of a melanoma highly correlates with

A

Mortality rate

54
Q

What is a tattoo

A

Ink deposited onto dermal layer, captured inside immune cells/scar tissue

55
Q

What tissue types is skin composed of

A

Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective

56
Q

What are free nerve endings

A

Small swellings at distal ends of axons (usually unmyelinated and small diameter), most common skin receptor (some cation channels, some chemically activated)

57
Q

What do free nerve endings mostly respond to

A

Various painful, thermal and chemical stimuli, some movement and pressure, some itch, some wrap around hair follicles acting as light touch recepotrs which detect bending of hairs

58
Q

What are tactile (merkel) discs

A

Free nerve endings located in deepest layer of epidermis

59
Q

What do tactile (merkel) discs respond to

A

Touch and light pressure, texture, shape, edges, low frequency vibration (good at 2 point discrimination)

60
Q

What are tactile (meissner) corpuscles

A

Receptors located in papillary layer of dermis, especially hairless skin. Encapsulated: spiralling/branching unmyelinated sensory terminals surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a thin oval fibrous connective tissue capsule. Deformation of capsule triggers AP

61
Q

What do tactile (meissner) corpuscles respond to

A

Delicate (fine) or discriminative touch, light pressure, low frequency vibration (10-50 Hz)

62
Q

What are lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles

A

Single sensory axon terminal lying within concentric layers of collagen fibres and specialised fibroblasts. Layers separated by gelatinous interstitial fluid. Fast adapting

63
Q

What do lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles respond to

A

Deep pressure, vibration (250 Hz)

64
Q

What are bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles

A

Nerve endings intertwined with core of collagen fibres continuous with those of surrounding dermis. Located in deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue

65
Q

What do bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles respond to

A

Sustained deep pressure and stretching/distortion of the skin, slippage in fingers, proprioception (found in joints)

66
Q

How is blood flow to the skin modulated

A

Smooth muscle in walls of vessels and precapillary spinchters innervated by sympathetic nerves (reduced SNS activation of α1 adrenergic receptors causes dilation of arteries, increased bloodflow)

67
Q

What are α1 receptors

A

Activation of which causes vasoconstriction

68
Q

What are the body’s primary mechanisms of heat transfer

A

Radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

69
Q

What is sympathetic cholinergic release of Ach onto GPCRS (G protein coupled receptors) enabled by

A

Eccrine glands innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

70
Q

Where is the control centre for temperature regulation

A

Preoptic area of hypothalamus

71
Q

How does the heat gain response work

A

Increased generation of body heat (non shivering and shivering thermogenesis), conservation of body heat (vasomotor centre decreases blood flow (shunting)), countercurrent exchange (warm blood leaving heart provides heat to cold blood returning to heart)

72
Q

What is non shivering thermogenesis

A

Increased sympathetic nerve activity and circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline, increased cellular metabolism, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (heat produced instead of ATP)

73
Q

What is the effect of increased thyroxine (to increase body temperature)

A

Increases BMR

74
Q

How do arector pili muscles aid in heat trapping

A

Traps insulating layer of air around body

75
Q

What does the arrector pili muscle attach to

A

Hair follicle to upper dermis

76
Q

What are potential complications of severe burns

A

Dehydration and hypovolemic shock, infection/sepsis, hypothermia

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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