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HUBS192 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system

A

Conduct clean, warm and moist air in close proximity with the circulatory system’s blood for gas exchange

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2
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

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3
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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4
Q

Where does olfaction occur

A

Nasal cavity

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5
Q

What is mucosa

A

Epithelium attached via basement membrane to lamina propria (connective tissue)

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity

A

Respiratory and olfactory

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7
Q

What type of epithelium is in the pharynx

A

Stratified squamous

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is in the trachea

A

Pseudostratified columnar

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is in the bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is in the alveoli

A

Simple squamous

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11
Q

What is respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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12
Q

Where is respiratory epithelium found

A

Nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

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13
Q

What is the purpose of ciliated cells in respiratory epithelium

A

Push mucus toward pharynx

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14
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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15
Q

What are the purposes of the paranasal sinuses

A

Resonating chambers for speech, lighten skull, increased SA to clean, warm, moisten air, infected mucus blocks drainage

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16
Q

What is the purpose of nasal cartilage

A

Maintain patent (unobstructed) airway

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17
Q

What’s the fancy name for nostrils (openings)

A

External nares

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18
Q

What is the nasal vestibule

A

Passageway

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19
Q

What is the name of the hairs in the nasal vestibule

A

Vibrissae

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20
Q

What does the vestibule have in it

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles

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21
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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22
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity

A

Hard (top of mouth) and soft (back of throat) palates

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23
Q

What are the projections in the nasal cavity called and what is their function

A

Superior, middle and inferior conchae, function to spin air to increase time for warming and humidifying, plus olfactory detection

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24
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located

A

Roof of nasal cavity

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25
Q

What is olfactory epithelium and where is it located

A

Olfactory mucosa containing olfactory receptors, nasal cavity

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26
Q

What is the vascular plexus

A

Network of blood vessels which helps to warm incoming air. When air temperature drops plexus dilates for greater heat transfer. Nose bleeds usually originate from damage here

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27
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses located

A

Within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

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28
Q

What are paranasal sinuses lined with

A

Respiratory mucosa

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29
Q

Where do paranasal sinuses drain into

A

Pharynx

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30
Q

What is the nasopharynx lined with

A

Respiratory mucosa

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31
Q

What structures define the nasopharynx

A

Internal nares to soft palate

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32
Q

What prevents food from entering the nasopharynx

A

Soft palate and uvula

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33
Q

Where is the auditory tube and what is its function

A

Drainage from the middle ear

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34
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A

Posterior wall of pharynx

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35
Q

What are the three types of tonsils

A

Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

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36
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil

A

Posterior and inferior to soft palate

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37
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil located

A

Back of tongue

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38
Q

What is the name of the bone at the top of the trachea

A

Hyoid

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39
Q

What structures define the oropharynx

A

Soft palate to hyoid bone

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40
Q

What structures define the laryngopharynx

A

Hyoid bone to opening of larynx/beginning of oesophagus

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41
Q

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea

A

Epiglottis (glottis = voice box)

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42
Q

What defines the larynx

A

Hyoid bone to trachea

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43
Q

What are the three cartilaginous structures in the larynx and what is their purpose

A

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, function to protect and maintain an open airway

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44
Q

What are the vocal folds

A

Folds attached to thyroid cartilage which vibrate with passing air to produce normal phonation

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45
Q

How are male vocal folds different

A

Testosterone affects cartilage and muscle, resulting in longer, thicker folds and a deeper voice

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46
Q

What are the vestibular folds

A

Superior to vocal folds, prevent foreign object entry to glottis, can produce very deep sounds

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47
Q

What connects the C shaped cartilage of the trachea

A

Trachealis (band of smooth muscle)

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48
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator

A

Pseudostratified columnar cells move mucus with trapped debris against gravity to clear pharynx. Mucous cells and mucous glands

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49
Q

Describe the shape and position of the lungs

A

Apex extends to just above clavicle, dome shaped base sits on top of diaphragm

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50
Q

Describe the branching of the bronchial tree

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, lots of branching, terminal bronchioles

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51
Q

How does the cartilage change in the primary bronchi

A

Cartilage becomes complete rings

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52
Q

How does the cartilage change in the secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

Becomes irregular plates

53
Q

How does the cartilage change in the bronchioles (<1mm)

A

Thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstriction/dilation

54
Q

What do terminal bronchioles supply (<0.5mm)

A

Pulmonary lobule

55
Q

What are pulmonary lobules

A

Made of alveoli arranged like bunches of grapes

56
Q

Describe the alveolar wall

A

Simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

57
Q

What is the external surface of the alveoli covered with

A

Fine network of pulmonary capillaries

58
Q

What are the two types of pneumocytes (lung epithelial cells)

A

Type 1 squamous and Type 2 cuboidal

59
Q

What are type 1 squamous pneumocytes

A

Form respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

60
Q

What are type 2 cuboidal pneumocytes

A

Scattered amongst type 1, secrete surfactant, a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

61
Q

What is the third type of cell present in the alveoli

A

Roaming macrophage: remove debris that makes it to alveoli

62
Q

What lines the lines

A

Pleura (serous membrane: double layer of secretory tissue with fluid between layers)

63
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

Sternum, thoracic vertebrae, ribs, base of neck, diaphragm

64
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Heart, vessels, pericardium

65
Q

How are pressure and volume related

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (P = 1/V)

66
Q

What type of joints are the sternocostal joints

A

All synovial except the first which is cartilaginous

67
Q

What type of joints are the costochondral joints

A

Cartilaginous

68
Q

What type of joints are the interchondral joints

A

Synovial

69
Q

What type of joints are the costotransverse joints

A

Synovial

70
Q

What type of joints are the costovertebral joints

A

Synovial

71
Q

What are the primary muscles of respiration

A

Diaphragm and intercostals

72
Q

When are the accessory muscles needed

A

For deep, forced breathing

73
Q

What happens when you contract your diaphragm

A

It flattens, more space in thoracic cavity

74
Q

What happens when you relax your diaphragm

A

It becomes more dome shaped, less space in thoracic cavity

75
Q

What do the external intercostals do

A

Lift ribcage and expand cavity
Inspiration: quiet and forced

76
Q

What do the internal intercostals do

A

Depress ribcage and decrease cavity (relax to enable normal exhalation: a passive process)
Expiration: forced only

77
Q

What angle are the external intercostals

A

Hands in pockets

78
Q

What angle are the internal intercostals

A

Opposite of hands in pockets

79
Q

What are the function of rib cage accessory muscles

A

Increase cavity volume for forced inspiration, decrease cavity volume for forced expiration

80
Q

What is the purpose of the pleura

A

Make lungs stick to thoracic wall to ensure lungs expand as thoracic cavity does, slippery surface for frictionless movement against other structures, fluid bond causes lungs to stick to thoracic wall

81
Q

What is the driving force for air into the lungs

A

Pressure gradient

82
Q

What are the two forces that must be overcome to take a breath

A

Stiffness of the lungs and resistance of the airways to the lungs

83
Q

What is compliance

A

ΔV/ΔP

84
Q

What is the condition of too stiff lungs called

A

Pulmonary fibrosis (cannot accommodate large change in volume)

85
Q

How is the surface tension of the lungs overcome

A

Surfactant secreted by type 2 pneumocytes

86
Q

How is resistance related to luminal radius

A

R = 1/r^4 (rule of 16)

87
Q

What is a restrictive respiratory disorder

A

Reduced lung capacity: reduced lung compliance or insufficient surfactant release

88
Q

What is an obstructive respiratory disorder

A

Resistance to airflow e.g asthma, chronic bronchitis

89
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath

90
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation

91
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort

92
Q

What is residual volume

A

Volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

93
Q

What is minimal volume

A

Volume remaining in lungs if they collapsed (smashed down alveoli)

94
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume. Volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs

95
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume. Total Volume in lungs when filled to the max

96
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

Inspiratory reserve + tidal volume. Total volume of air you can inspire from rest

97
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve + residual volume. Volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation.

98
Q

What is FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second (how much of the vital capacity comes out in the first second). Reduced with diseases causing resistance to airflow

99
Q

What is the FEV1/VC ratio

A

Measure to detect obstructive illnesses. Normal ~0.8, <0.7 indicates airway obstruction

100
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output

A

CO = SV * HR

101
Q

What is the formula for respiratory minute volume (how much air do we breathe in and out per minute)

A

Ve = Vt * f
Respiratory minute volume (L/min) = tidal volume (L/breath) * respiratory rate (breaths/min)

102
Q

What is the dead space

A

Volume of air stuck in pathways (can’t undergo gas exchange as not in alveoli. Much of what you exhale is dead space.)

103
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation

A

Va = (Vt - Vd) * f
alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume (breathing strength) - dead space (air that can’t be used)) * respiratory rate

104
Q

Does atmospheric pressure equal pressure in the alveoli

A

Pressure in alveoli is lower, must be a gradient for gases to move into the lungs

105
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli

A

40mmHg

106
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli

A

100mmHg

107
Q

What determines the rate of diffusion

A

Surface area of membranes, thickness of membranes, pressure difference between two sides

108
Q

What is the condition where alveolar spaces are dilated resulting in a decrease in surface area?

A

Emphysema

109
Q

What does the blood air barrier consist of

A

Alveolar cell layer, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium

110
Q

How is the correct level of oxygen inhaled

A

Lower blood oxygen = greater gradient for diffusion, higher blood oxygen = smaller gradient for diffusion

111
Q

What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in blood moving toward and away from the alveoli

A

~40mmHg moving toward, ~100mmHg moving away

112
Q

What is the approximate partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood moving toward and away from the alveoli

A

~46mmHg moving toward,
~40mmHg moving away

113
Q

What are the two ways oxygen can be transported in the blood

A

Dissolved and bound to haemoglobin in RBCs

114
Q

What is the relationship between oxyhaemoglobin saturation and PO2

A

Sigmoidal due to cooperative binding of oxygen molecules

115
Q

Why is it good that the binding curve is sigmoidal

A

Good at binding O2 at high partial pressure, good at releasing at low partial pressure. Designed to keep blood O2 high in case of an emergency

116
Q

What is the average PO2 in active muscle tissue

A

~15mmHg

117
Q

What does a right shift in the binding curve indicate

A

Reduced haemoglobin O2 affinity

118
Q

What can cause a right shift in the haemoglobin curve

A

Lowered pH, higher temperature

119
Q

How does exercise result in more oxygen being released into tissue

A

pH drops and temperature rises (reduced O2 affinity)

120
Q

What is the process called chloride shift

A

Exchange of bicarbonate for Cl- (Cl- into cell)

121
Q

How can CO2 be transported in the blood

A

Dissolved in plasma, bound to haemoglobin, converted to bicarbonate

122
Q

How is bicarbonate formed

A

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid (catalysed by carbonic anhydrase), carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, lowering the pH of the blood

123
Q

How are CO2 and O2 normally kept within close limits

A

Tight control of ventilation

124
Q

What is the central controller of breathing

A

Pons, medulla and other parts of the brain

125
Q

What are the sensors reporting to the brain to affect the rate of breathing

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, lung stretch receptors, protective reflexes

126
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors for breathing and what do they detect

A

Arteries and medulla oblongata, stimulated by increased PCO2 and decreased pH (specific receptors for O2 and CO2, CO2 bigger impact)

127
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they located

A

Blood pressure sensors, located on the carotid artery and aorta

128
Q

What is the general relationship between arterial blood pressure and respiratory minute volume

A

Opposite effect between the two

129
Q

What is the purpose of stretch receptors in the lungs

A

After receiving afferent input, the brain sends efferent output preventing the lungs from stretching too far either way. Also detect irritation and trigger a sneeze or cough

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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