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HUBS192 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvis made up of

A

Hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

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2
Q

Is the pelvic inlet or outlet bigger

A

Inlet

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3
Q

What is the false/greater pelvis

A

Superior region, above pelvic inlet, contains parts of the GI tract

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4
Q

What is the true/lesser pelvis

A

Inferior region, between inlet and outlet, contains internal reproductive organs

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5
Q

What are the features of the female pelvis compared to the male pelvis

A

Female: broader subpubic angle, oval inlet, straighter coccyx
Male: narrower subpubic angle, heart shaped inlet, curved coccyx

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6
Q

What two muscles make up the pelvic floor (diaphragm)

A

Levator ani, coccygeus

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7
Q

What is the urogenital triangle comprised of

A

Urethral opening, external genitalia

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8
Q

What is the anal triangle comprised of

A

Anal canal and fat

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9
Q

What is a gonad

A

Reproductive organ where gametes are made

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10
Q

What is the path sperm takes in the male reproductive system

A

Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla, urethra

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11
Q

What is a spermatic cord comprised of

A

Testicular artery, testicular vein (pampiniform plexus), nerve, ductus deferens, lymphatics

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12
Q

What is the path sperm takes in the testis

A

Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductule

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13
Q

What dense fibrous capsule surrounds the testes and separates them into lobules

A

Tunica albuginea

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14
Q

What do interstitial endocrine cells produce

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

What do nurse cells produce

A

Inhibin

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16
Q

Where are interstitial endocrine cells located

A

Surrounding seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

Where are nurse cells located

A

Near the wall of the seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation

A

Epididymis

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19
Q

What is the inguinal canal

A

Gap in the abdominal cavity which ductus deferens runs through

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20
Q

How does the ductus deferens start

A

In the spermatic cord

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21
Q

What are the ejaculatory ducts

A

The union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla

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22
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct open

A

Prostatic urethra

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23
Q

How does the epithelium change down the male urethra

A

Transitional, columnar, stratified squamous

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24
Q

What are the three sections of the male urethra

A

Prostatic, membranous, penile/spongy

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25
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter in males

A

Pelvic floor (membranous urethra level)

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26
Q

Where is the internal urethral sphincter in males

A

Opening of the bladder (extension of detrusor muscle)

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27
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation

A

Internal sphincter fails to close resulting in sperm ending up in the bladder

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28
Q

What are three regions of the epididymis

A

Head, body, tail

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29
Q

What does the scrotum contain

A

Two testes, two epididymides, two spermatic cords

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30
Q

What is the scrotum

A

A sack of skin lined with fascia (connective tissue)

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31
Q

What temperature should the testes be kept at

A

34 C

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32
Q

What muscle is the scrotum lined with

A

Dartos: contracts to reduce surface area for heat exchange

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33
Q

What muscle contracts to bring the testes up into the body

A

Cremaster

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the venous plexus in the spermatic cord

A

Increases surface area for heat exchange between artery and veins

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35
Q

What are the features of the penis

A

Root (bulb), body, glans covered by prepuce/foreskin

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36
Q

What is the dorsal side of the penis

A

Side with corpora cavernosa (based on when erect)

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37
Q

What is the ventral side of the penis

A

Side with corpus spongiosum (based on when erect)

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38
Q

What are the three erectile tissues of the penis

A

2 corpora cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum

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39
Q

What should be noted about the corpus spongiosum

A

Contains urethra, forms bulb and glans

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40
Q

Where do veins, arteries, nerves run in the penis

A

Dorsal side

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41
Q

What is the purpose of seminal fluid

A

Protection from acidic vagina, energy for sperm, fluid medium, activates motility of sperm

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42
Q

What is seminal fluid produced by

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

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43
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located

A

Posterior to bladder, lateral to ampulla

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44
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete

A

60% of semen, alkaline pH to protect against acidic environment in urethra and vagina

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45
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete

A

30% of semen, slightly acidic, milky fluid. Contains PSA (prostate specific antigen). Contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility

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46
Q

Where is the prostate gland located

A

Inferior to bladder and ejaculatory ducts, wraps around prostatic urethra

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47
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete

A

5% seminal fluid volume, secretions lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation

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48
Q

What is a vasectomy

A

Sterilisation of males by cutting and tying or cauterising ductus deferens

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49
Q

What is spermatogenesis 1

A

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis, type A stays at seminiferous tubule basement membrane, type B goes on

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50
Q

What is spermatogenesis 2

A

Type B differentiates into a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiosis I to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

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51
Q

What is spermatogenesis 3

A

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids

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52
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail

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53
Q

What is the singular of spermatozoa

A

Spermatozoon

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54
Q

Where do spermatozoa mature to become motile

A

Epididymis

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55
Q

Where is GnRH released from

A

Hypothalamus

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56
Q

Where is LH and FSH released from

A

Anterior pituitary

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57
Q

What do nurse cells secrete

A

Inhibin

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58
Q

What do interstitial endocrine cells secrete

A

Testosterone

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59
Q

What is testosterone responsible for

A

Primary (sex organs) and secondary (deep voice, facial hair, etc) male characteristics

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60
Q

What stimulates production of testosterone

A

LH

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61
Q

What hormones control spermatogenesis

A

FSH and testosterone

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62
Q

What stimulates production of inhibin

A

FSH

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63
Q

What does inhibin negatively feed back on

A

FSH

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64
Q

What does testosterone negatively feed back on

A

LH and GnRH

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65
Q

Why is testosterone important in the homeostasis of production of spermatozoa

A

Because it suppresses GnRH

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66
Q

What is the perineum

A

Region inferior to the pelvic floor and between upper region of the thighs

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67
Q

Where is the mons pubis

A

In front of the pubic symphysis

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68
Q

What are the two labia

A

Labia majora (larger and more lateral) and labia minora (smaller and more medial)

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69
Q

Where are the vestibular glands

A

Deep to the labia

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70
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibular glands

A

Lubricate vaginal orifice

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71
Q

What are the parts of the clitoris

A

Glans, body, crura (x2), bulbs (x2)

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72
Q

Which part of the clitoris has corpora cavernosa

A

Body

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73
Q

What are the structures of the female reproductive tract

A

Ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

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74
Q

What are the parts of the uterine tube

A

isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

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75
Q

What is the name of finger like projections of the uterine tube

A

Fimbriae

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76
Q

What are the parts of the uterus

A

Body, uterus, fundus

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77
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

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78
Q

What is the endometrium made of

A

Columnar epithelium, uterine glands, arteries

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79
Q

What is the perimetrium made of

A

Connective tissue

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80
Q

What are the blood vessels in the endometrium

A

Venous sinusoids, spiral arteries, straight arteries

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81
Q

What are the parts of the cervix

A

Anterior and posterior fornix, external os, cervical canal, internal os

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82
Q

What is the purpose of the cervix

A

Produce cervical mucus, regulate sperm transport

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83
Q

How can the vagina be described

A

Fibromuscular, distensible copulatory organ

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84
Q

What are the ovaries’ blood supply

A

Ovarian arteries

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85
Q

What is the uterus’ blood supply

A

Uterine artery

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86
Q

What does the ovarian artery originate from

A

Abdominal aorta

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87
Q

What does the uterine artery originate from

A

Internal iliac artery

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88
Q

What is the vagina’s blood supply

A

Vaginal artery

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89
Q

Where does the vaginal artery originate

A

Internal iliac artery

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90
Q

What is the main source of blood loss during mestruation

A

Spiral (coiled) arteries

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91
Q

What is the function of the spiral arteries

A

Supply functional layer of endometrium

92
Q

What is the function of the straight arteries

A

Supply basal layer of endometrium

93
Q

Which arteries travel around the circumference of the uterus in the myometrium

A

Arcuate arteries

94
Q

Which arteries travel from the myometrium into the endometrium

A

Radial arteries

94
Q

Where do the arcuate arteries originate

A

Uterine artery

95
Q

Where do oocytes develop

A

In follicles in the cortex of the ovary

96
Q

What is the inner medulla of the ovary made of

A

Connective tissue, blood/lymphatic vessels, nerves

97
Q

What are follicles that haven’t started developing yet called

A

Primordial

98
Q

What are the three types of follicles as the oocyte develops

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

99
Q

What is released during ovulation

A

Secondary oocyte and corona radiata

100
Q

What does the follicle become after ovulation

A

Corpus luteum

101
Q

What does the corpus luteum become

A

Corpus albicans

102
Q

Where does the development of an oocyte and follicle occur

A

At one site in the medulla of the ovary

103
Q

What is the ligament that covers the whole uterus down to the cervix

A

Broad ligament

104
Q

What is the broad ligament made of

A

Peritoneum

105
Q

What is the part of the broad ligament that presses together near the uterus

A

Mesometrium

106
Q

What is the part of the broad ligament that presses together near the uterine tube

A

Mesosalpinx

107
Q

What is the part of the broad ligament that presses together near the ovary

A

Mesovarium

108
Q

What is the Ovarian ligament

A

Attaches ovary to uterus

109
Q

What is the suspensory ligament

A

Attaches ovary to body wall

110
Q

What is the round ligament

A

Connects uterus to labia majora (similar path to ductus deferens (inguinal canal), holds uterus in flexed position)

111
Q

What is the fold of visceral broad ligament between the bladder and uterus

A

Vesicouterine pouch

112
Q

What is the fold of visceral broad ligament between the uterus and rectum

A

Rectouterine pouch

113
Q

What muscle do the breasts lie on

A

Pectoralis major

114
Q

What hormones stimulate development of breast tissue

A

Estradiol and progesterone

115
Q

When are the breasts fully mature

A

Pregnancy

116
Q

What are the smaller structures of the lobes in the breast

A

Lobules, alveoli

117
Q

What is the name of the gland that is the breast

A

Mammary

118
Q

What ducts drain the alveoli

A

Lactiferous ducts

119
Q

What do the lactiferous ducts drain into

A

Lactiferous sinuses

120
Q

What ligaments support the glands of the breast

A

Suspensory

121
Q

What is the skin surrounding the nipple called

A

Areola

122
Q

Which ligament does the ovarian artery run through

A

Suspensory ligament

123
Q

What is oogenesis

A

Formation and development of oocytes from oogonia

124
Q

When does oogenesis begin

A

Before birth, paused until puberty

125
Q

What occurs in mitosis of oogenesis

A

Oogonium divides into another oogonia and a primary oocyte

126
Q

What occurs in meiosis I of oogenesis

A

Primary oocyte divides into a polar body and a secondary oocyte

127
Q

Where does meiosis I halt

A

Prophase I

128
Q

What happens to the first polar body

A

Atresia, or meiosis II

129
Q

What happens in meiosis II

A

Secondary oocyte produces ovum and second polar body

130
Q

What enables meiosis II to finish

A

Fertilisation

131
Q

Where does meiosis II pause

A

Metaphase II, until fertilisation

132
Q

What are primary oocytes encased in

A

Primordial follicle

133
Q

How many follicles are recruited each ovarian cycle (due to GnRH)

A

A handful

134
Q

Out of the follicles recruited, how many will complete development and ovulate

A

1: dominant follicle

135
Q

What happens if the ova is not fertilised

A

Atresia, never completes meiosis

136
Q

What cells surround the oocyte in a follicle

A

Granulosa

137
Q

What cells surround a follicle

A

Theca

138
Q

What do granulosa cells produce

A

Estradiol and inhibin

139
Q

What is released in ovulation

A

Oocyte and corona radiata

140
Q

What is the corona radiata

A

Granulosa cells surrounding oocyte

141
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus secrete

A

GnRH

142
Q

What hormones do the anterior pituitary secrete

A

LH and FSH

143
Q

What hormones do the follicles produce

A

Estradiol and inhibin

144
Q

What hormones do the corpus luteum produce

A

Inhibin and progesterone

145
Q

What does GnRH result in

A

Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

146
Q

What does FSH result in

A

Stimulation of the growth of ovarian follicles

147
Q

What does LH result in

A

Surge of LH results in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

148
Q

What does estradiol from the developing follicles result in

A

Follicular growth, bone and muscle growth, endometrial growth, secondary sex characteristics, feedback to anterior pituitary

149
Q

What does inhibin from the granulosa cells result in

A

Negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

150
Q

What does progesterone from the corpus luteum result in

A

Negative feedback to suppress GnRH (hence LH and FSH), endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state

151
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular and luteal

152
Q

What are the three phases of the endometrial cycle

A

Menstrual, proliferative, secretory

153
Q

What hormone stimulates the beginning of the follicular phase

A

FSH

154
Q

What does inhibin from the developing follicle negatively feed back on, and why

A

FSH, so that not all follicles are stimulated

155
Q

What does estradiol from the developing follicle stimulate

A

Switches from negative to positive feedback on LH which triggers ovulation

156
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete and what do these inhibit

A

Estradiol, inhibin, progesterone (most), inhibit FSH and LH

157
Q

What hormone enables growth of the endometrium

A

Estradiol

158
Q

What hormone sustains the endometrium

A

Progesterone

159
Q

What hormonal changes does the corpus albicans cause

A

Reduction in progesterone, estradiol, inhibin

160
Q

What hormonal change results in the destruction of the functional layer of the endometrium

A

Decrease in progesterone (and estradiol and inhibin)

161
Q

What is day 1 of the endometrial cycle

A

Menstruation

162
Q

When does ovulation occur in the ovarian cycle (day)

A

Day 14

163
Q

When is the first menstrual period

A

Menarche: orchestrated by increase in estrogens by the gonads

164
Q

What is the cessation of menstruation called

A

Menopause, caused by reduction in estradiol and progesterone due to absence or lack of response by follicles resulting in no anterior pituitary feedback and high levels of FSH and LH

165
Q

What happens to the growing follicles during the follicular phase, except for the dominant follicle

A

Atresia

166
Q

Where does the oocyte enter before being collected by the uterine tube

A

Peritoneal space

167
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation and implantation don’t occur

A

Involutes (luteolysis) resulting in a fall in progesterone and estradiol which removes negative feedback on FSH and LH

168
Q

What is the change in estradiol action leading up to ovulation

A

Changes from negative to positive feedback on hypothalamus

169
Q

What specifically grows in the endometrium during/prior to secretory phase

A

Glands become secretory, spiral arterioles grow and coil

170
Q

What happens to the endometrium resulting in menstruation (why is there blood)

A

Endometrial tissue breaks down, spiral arteries contract

171
Q

What is intromission

A

Erect penis inserted into vagina

172
Q

What type of innervation causes erection

A

Parasympathetic (think relaxed)

173
Q

What arteries dilate in an erection

A

Deep arteries to fill lacunae with blood

174
Q

What are the two phases of ejaculation

A

Emission and expulsion

175
Q

What type of innervation causes emission

A

Sympathetic

176
Q

What type of innervation causes expulsion

A

Sympathetic (urethra) and somatic (pelvic floor)

177
Q

What type of innervation causes resolution

A

Sympathetic

178
Q

What happens in the erection phase

A

Deep arteries dilate (and dorsal arteries), bulbourethral glands secrete

179
Q

What happens in the emission phase

A

Sperm move into ampulla by ductus deferens peristalsis. Seminal vesicle and prostate gland secretions

180
Q

What happens in the expulsion phase

A

Sperm move out of the urethra, internal urethral sphincter contracts (prevent movement into bladder)

181
Q

What happens in the resolution phase

A

Blood flow is reduced, pushed out, penis becomes flaccid. Internal pudendal artery constricts, trabecular muscles contract

182
Q

What is the vasodilator of deep arteries

A

Nitric oxide

183
Q

What fascia surrounds the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa

A

Tunica albuginea

184
Q

What fascia surrounds all the erectile tissue of the penis, and what is its function

A

Deep fascia, prevent penis from expanding too much

185
Q

What structure forms the trabeculae around the lacunae of the erectile tissue

A

Smooth muscle fibres

186
Q

Where are the lesser vestibular glands of the clitoris

A

Near the external urinary meatus

187
Q

What clitoris structure shares developmental origins with the corpora cavernosa of the penis

A

Crura/body (also corpora cavernosa)

188
Q

What structures of the clitoris are erectile

A

Crura, glans, bulbs

189
Q

What clitoris structure shares developmental origins with the root of the penis

A

Bulbs of vestibule

190
Q

What artery feeds the perineum and external genitalia

A

Pudendal artery

191
Q

List the branching to form the pudendal artery

A

Abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, internal iliac artery, internal pudendal artery

192
Q

What are the branches of the pudendal artery to the penis

A

Artery to bulb, urethral artery, dorsal artery, deep (cavernosal) artery

193
Q

What does the pudendal nerve supply

A

Sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia, including penis (dorsal nerve)

194
Q

What is autonomic innervation to the penis derived from

A

Pelvic plexus (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

195
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervation to the penis come from

A

Sacral region

196
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation to the penis come from

A

Thoracic/lumbar region

197
Q

What produces NO (vasodilator)

A

Deep arteries of penis

198
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation cause in the penis

A

Erection: production of NO, dilation of deep arteries

199
Q

What does sympathetic innervation cause in the penis

A

Ejaculation: contraction of smooth muscle, reproductive ducts, accessory glands

200
Q

What does somatic motor innervation cause in the penis

A

Ejaculation: contraction of skeletal muscle around bulb of penis

201
Q

What is the name of the period in which another erection cannot occur

A

Refractory period

202
Q

What is engorged in the female sexual response

A

Labia, vagina, clitoris

203
Q

What happens to the vagina in the female sexual response

A

Widens and lengthens

204
Q

What happens to the uterus in the female sexual response

A

Elevates

205
Q

Rhythmic contraction of what may occur in the female sexual response

A

Vaginal, uterine, pelvic floor muscles

206
Q

Where is lubricating fluid secreted from

A

Through the vaginal wall, secretion into vestibule by greater vestibular glands

207
Q

What do the greater vestibular glands share developmental origins with

A

Bulbourethral glands

208
Q

What is insemination

A

Semen released into upper part of vagina

209
Q

Where is the ideal site for fertilisation

A

Ampulla

210
Q

How long does implantation take after fertilisation

A

About 7 days

211
Q

What are the natural contraception methods

A

Rhythm, withdrawal, lactational infertility

212
Q

What are the artificial contraception methods

A

Barrier, intrauterine devices, hormonal contraceptives, sterilisation

213
Q

What are barrier methods

A

Caps, diaphragms: imperfect barrier so must be used in conjuction with spermicidal foams/jellies/creams/sponges. Must remain 6 hours after intercourse
Condoms

214
Q

What is the only contraception that reduces risk of STIs

A

Condoms

215
Q

What is the non-hormonal intrauterine device (copper IUD)

A

Causes low grade inflammation, reduces sperm transport, toxic, impairs implantation

216
Q

What do steroidal contraceptives do

A

Deliver a progestin (and possibly estrogen). Suppress ovulation by affecting feedback loops. Affect mucus produced by cervix to prevent sperm penetration

217
Q

What are the changes in cervical mucus as approaching ovulation

A

More dilute as approaching ovulation, thicker afterward to prevent movement of spermatozoa

218
Q

What are the types of steroidal contraception for females

A

Combined oral, progestin only, subdermal implant, hormonal IUDs

219
Q

What does the progestin only pill do

A

Affects cervical mucus

220
Q

What does the subdermal implant do

A

Disrupts follicular growth and ovulation

221
Q

What do hormonal IUDs do

A

Contain progestins which affect cervical mucus, reduce sperm transport, local effects on endometrium, may prevent ovulation

222
Q

What is tubal ligation/salpingectomy

A

Cut/cauterising or removal of uterine tubes

223
Q

What stimuli can trigger an erection

A

Visual/mental/other from brain, or stimulation of genital region especially glans

224
Q

What do sympathetic signals trigger in expulsion

A

Secretion from prostate gland and seminal vesicles, contraction of internal urethral sphincter

225
Q

What do somatic signals trigger in expulsion

A

Bulbospongiosus contraction and rhythmic compression of bulb/root of penis, which compresses urethra resulting in expulsion of semen

226
Q

What results in reduced blood flow to penis in resolution

A

Constricted internal pudendal artery, contraction of trabecular muscles

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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