Skin Flashcards
How long and how heavy is the skin?
3000sq.inch. And 6 to 9 pounds.
Dorsal skin
is on the back of the hand or foot
volar skin
on the palm or sole of the foot
2 m a i n d i v i s i o n s of the skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
Epidermis
is the outermost and thinnest
layer of the skin. It contains no blood vessels
but has many small nerve endings.
dermis
is the underlying or inner layer of
the skin. = derma= corium = cutis = true skin.
This highly sensitive layer of connective tissue
is about 25 times thicker than the epidermis.
Within its structure, there are numerous blood
vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, etc
Epidermis layer: Stratum germinativum = basal cell layer = living
layer of epidermis
- Responsible for the growth, new
cells of epidermis. - Has melanocytes (dark skin pigment
melanin
– skin color and protect deeper layer)
Epidermis layer: Stratum spinosum – spiny layer
when the process of
shedding begins
Epidermis layer: Stratum granulosum=granular layer
cell dying here
Epidermis layer: Stratum lucidum
clear, transparent layer just under
the skin surface. Through these cells the light can pass.
Epidermis layer Stratum corneum=horny layer
- we see this layer,
- scale like cells continually being shed and replaced
- protect and water-resist
Dermis layer: Papillary
(under the epidermis)
papillae (elastic tissue); some have looped
capillaries; some – tactile corpuscles.
Contains melanocytes
Dermis layer: Reticular
(supplies the skin with
oxygen and nutrients). Fat cells, sweat
glands, blood vessels, hair follicles, lymph
vessels, arrector pili muscles – goose
bumps, oil glands, nerve endings
Pheomelanin
(red to yellow)
Eumelanin
(dark brown to black)
Collagen
Fibrous protein that
gives the skin form
and strength.
(wrinkles)
Elastin
A protein gives the
skin flexibility and
elasticity (regain the
shape after stretching
or expanding)
Oil glands
sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
sudoriferous glands
UVA
deeper than visible light, tan
UVB
not so
deep, sunburns and vitamin D
Vitiligo skin condition
Irregular shaped patches of skin depigmentation(hands, face and neck)
Milia
White heads
epidermal cysts
Chloasma
Patchy brown skin discoloration, often resume if hormonal changes pregnancy
Dandruff
Pityriasis capitis, can result from extreme changes in temperature, as a contact reaction to certain skin and hair care products, or as an allergic reaction to certain foods; it can be oily or dry
Subcutaneous/ Adipose
The fatty layer of the skin that creates softness and suppleness, is called
Carbuncle
Contagious, puss filled abscess, generally caused by bacterial infection
Cluster if boils
Boil
Small pus filled abscess
Wheal
Swollen lesion, lasting a few hours after insect bite
Nevus Flameus
Birthmark
Bromhidrosis
Foul smelling sweat
Leukoderma
Hypo(low) pigmentation in the skin, caused by a decrease in melananocyte activity. White patches on the skin
Verrucas
Warts
Blister
Herpes simples virus 1
Psoriasis
Non contagious skin disorder, characterized by red patches covered with white silky scales
skin cells turning over faster than normal
Scabies
Contagious disease, Itch mite
Tinea capitis
Ringworm is the scalp
Pediculosis capitis
Head lice
In a facial, high frequency current produces germicidal effects (good for acne),but it should not be used on the skin in excess of:
5 min
Vesicle(primary lesions)
Small blister or sac containing clear liquid(poison ivy, chickenpox, herpes)
Bulla(primary lesions)
a large blister containing a watery fluid, similar to a vesicle but larger
(burn contact dermatitis)
papule(primary lesions)
a pimple, a small circumscribed elevation on the skin that contains no fluid,
but may contain pus.
A _____ is a raised bump that is often red due to inflammation and sore due to the pressure of swelling.
Pustule(primary lesions)
an inflamed pimple containing pus
Cyst(primary lesions)
a closed , abnormally developed sac containing fluid or pus that is above or
below the skin
Tubercle(primary lesions)
an abnormal, rounded, solid lump above, within, or under the skin larger than papule
Tumor(primary lesions)
a swelling, an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive multiplication of
cells that varies in size, shape, and color
Crust(Secondary lesions, Structure or beneath)
Dead cells while healing
Excoriation(Secondary lesions)
by scratching or scraping
Fissure(Secondary lesions)
crack
Scar=cicatrix(Secondary lesions)
mark after injury
Scale(Secondary lesions)
epidermal flakes (dandruff)
Ulcer(Secondary lesions)
mucous membrane after pus and
loss of depth
Hematoma(Secondary lesions)
collection of blood = bruise
Anhidrosis
(нет потоотделения)
Hyperhidrosis
(повышенное потоотделение)
Miliaria rubra
(потница) = prickly heat
Disorders of sebaceous glands is
ACNE - chronic inflammatory skin disorder (blemishes)
Types of Disorders of sebaceous glands: Grade 1
Simple non-inflammatory acne - comedones and a few papules.
Types of Disorders of sebaceous glands: Grade 2
Many comedones, papules and a few pustules.
Types of Disorders of sebaceous glands: Grade 3
Larger inflammatory papules, pustules and a few cysts; a more
severe form involving the face, neck and upper portions of the trunk.
Types of Disorders of sebaceous glands: Grade 4
More severe, with cysts becoming confluent.
Astringents are generally used to:
Contract the pores or tissues
Treat minor cuts
Galvanic current will have what effect on the skin
Both Mechanical and Chemical
High quality brushes used to fashion acrylic nails are usually made of:
Sable
The blue dermal light is used to treat:
Oily skin
The red dermal light is used to treat:
Dry skin
The white dermal light is used to treat:
Normal skin
Hard wax is generally used for:
Sensitive area
In order to achieve the best waxing result, what is the optimal length of hair?
1/4 to 1/2 inch
Electrotherapy may best be defined as:
The application of special electrical currents (or modalities) to treat the skin
High-frequency uses _____ light:
Violet
High-frequency uses _____ light:
Violet
Sometimes referred to as “Bleaching of the Skin”:
Phoresis
The benefits of infrared light include muscle relaxation and increased circulation.To avoid burning the client, how far should the lamp be placed from client’s skin?
At least 30 inches
The benefits of infrared light include muscle relaxation and increased circulation.To avoid burning the client, how long is the recommended exposure time?
5 to 15 minutes
What is the recommended exposure time for an ultra-violet germicidal treatment?
1 to 5 minutes
What is the acid range of the pH Scale
0 – 6.9
How many primary functions of the skin are there?
six
The body releases heat through
perspiration
What are capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended blood vessels?
telangiectasia
What are cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins?
fibroblasts
What are dermal papillae?
membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis
What are sweat glands that are found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores and that are not attached to hair follicles?
eccrine glands
What are the atoms that take electrons from compounds in the body such as proteins, lipids, or DNA, which destabilizes and oxidizes the once-healthy molecules?
Free radicals
What are the lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation?
intercellular matrix
What are the structures that assist in holding cells together?
desmosomes
What function does the epidermal growth factor (EGF) hormone perform?
stimulates cells to reproduce and heal
What function does the subcutaneous layer perform?
provides a protective cushion and energy storage for the body
What is a carbuncle?
cluster of boils
What is a common form of eczema that mainly affects oily areas and that is characterized by inflammation, scaling, and/or itching?
seborrheic dermatitis
What is a keloid?
thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue (collagen)
What is a deficiency in perspiration, often a result of a fever or skin disease, that requires medical treatment?
anhidrosis
What is a macule?
flat spot or discoloration of the skin
What is a mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle?
comedone
What is a small, yellow-brown spots on the skin?
lentigo
What is an inflammation of the hair follicles?
folliculitis
What is dry, scaly skin from sebum deficiency, which can be due to aging, body disorders, alkalies of harsh soaps, or cold exposure?
asteatosis
What is the average pH of the acid mantle?
5,5
What is the body’s average internal temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit?
98.6
stain
A _____ is an abnormal brown or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular or irregular shape.
A _____ is characterized by a pile of material on the skin surface or a depression in the skin surface.
secondary lesion
A closed comedo is also known as a:
whitehead
A solid bump larger than 1 centimeter that can be easily felt is called a:
nodule
A(n) _____ is a lesion that is a different color than the color of the skin.
primary lesion
A(n) _____ product is one that has been designed and proven not to clog the follicles.
noncomedogenic
Benign, keratin-filled cysts that appear under the epidermis and have no visible opening are:
milia
Cicatrix is another name for a(n):
skar
Normally, how many pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin?
1 to 2
What term refers to coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat?
apocrine glands
What term refers to swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in cells or a response to injury or infection?
edema
What is the technical term for hyperpigmentation?
melanosis
What is the technical term for razor bumps?
pseudofolliculitis
What is the technical term for the contagious infection also known as ringworm?
tinea corporis
What are the glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function?
Ceramides
What function do Langerhans immune cells perform?
guard cells of the immune system that sense foreign invaders
What function do t-cells perform?
identify molecules that have foreign peptides
What is a tumor?
large nodule
What is redness caused by inflammation?
erythema
What is seborrhea?
severe oiliness of the skin
What is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule, resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures?
glycation
What are the characteristics of tinea?
Silvery-white scales
With both chemical and germicidal effects, White and Blue lights are considered:
Penetrating
PH of Exfoliating creams
alkaline
These warts, caused by the HPV Virus, are flat, hard, thick growths, usually occurring on the soles of the feet and sometimes look like a circle within a circle
plantar warts
Because of its germicidal effect, high frequency may be useful in the treatment of:
Acne
PH of Astringents usually:
Acid
Negative Galvanic current would have what effect on the skin?
Alkaline
An abscess, larger than a boil, best describes a:
carbuncle
Dermatitus venenata refers to this condition:
A positive P.D. Test with inflamed skin
H2O2 has a pH of approximately:
3.5 - 4.0
Lanolin, a common ingredient in beauty products, is made from:
Sheep’s wool
Lintigines are more commonly known as:
Freckles
Trichology refers to the:
study of hair
