SKIN Flashcards
What is the diagnosis of this skin issue:
waxy/pearly appearance with a central indentation often with talengiectasia (overtime center becomes crusty)
border of the lesion usually has a “rolled” appearance
nonhealing sore located on the face, ear, or other sun-exposed area.
involves sun-exposed areas of skin.
A) BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
B) MELANOMA
C) SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS
D) SQUAMOS CARCINOMA
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of human malignancy and involves sun-exposed skin.
This malignancy is generally very slow growing. However, it can become quite destructive and invasive if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner
Apart from the classic appearance
Basal cell carcinoma also may appear in several variants and can be flat, hyperpigmented, have very indistinct margins, and/or consist of red papules with telangiectasias.
The diagnosis is made by shave or punch biopsy.
What is the diagnosis of this skin issue
Warty appearance, a pink-colored plaque, a nodule, or a papule with eroded or scaly surface.
History actinic keratosis
Tender
Size is usually between 0.5 and 1.5 cm (can be larger)
non-healing, slow-growing lesions
involves sun-exposed areas of skin.
A) SQUAMOS CELL CARCINOMA
B) BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
C) ACTINIC KERATOSIS
D) MELANOMA
SQUAMOS CELL CARCINOMA
Squamous cell carcinoma is second in prevalence only to basal cell carcinoma and also involves sun-exposed areas of skin.
These carcinomas are more rapidly growing and can become invasive over time
The appearance of squamous cell carcinoma varies.
The lesion may have a warty appearance, a pink-colored plaque, a nodule, or a papule with eroded surface.
o Nodule has indistinct margins; surface is firm, scaly, irregular; may bleed easily
o Lesions may be red, tan, brown, pearly gray; may exhibit crusting, ulceration, erosion or scaliness
The size is usually between 0.5 and 1.5 cm in diameter, although it can be much larger.
Diagnostic Studies
Diagnosis is made by shave or punch biopsy.
What is the diagnosis of this skin issue
Most arise in sites without prior hyperpigmentation, but some arise from previously pigmented moles or nevi.
Affects fair-skinned persons with extensive sun exposure.
Family History Plays a role.
History of atypical moles.
Changing pigmented skin lesion
Has a large number of moles on their body.
Size is greater than 0.5 cm in diameter and has notched or irregular edges, irregular pigmentation, and asymmetry of shape.
A) BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
B) MELANOMA
C) SQUAMOS CELL CARCINOMA
MELANOMA
Cancer of the Melanocytes (pigment-producing cells)
Malignant melanomas are responsible for most skin cancer–related deaths each year.
Asymmetric lesions with irregular borders, variegated coloring, and/or a diameter greater than 6 mm resulting from exposure to sun and ultraviolet light.
What does ABCDE means ?
Characteristics Of Any Lesion
A = asymmetry
B = border is irregular
C = color variegation
D = diameter >6 mm (size of eraser)
E = elevation above level of skin
7-Point System for Identifying Malignant Melanoma
3 Major Features:
1 - change in the s____ of a lesion
2 - change in the c_____ of a lesion
3 - change in the sh____ of a lesion
4 Minor features
* Presence of infl_______
* Presence of bl________
* Diameter > ___mm
3 Major Features:
1 Change in size of lesion
2 Change in color of lesion
3 Change in shape of lesion
4 Minor Features
* Presence of inflammation
* Presence of bleeding or crusting
* Presence of sensation
* Diameter >6 mm
What is the diagnosis
ASSESSMENT
ring worm of the scalp
- Round patchy scales on scalp
- Occasionally, alopecia develops
- Most common in pediatric patients
Risk Factors
o Daycare attendance
o Contact with infected items (combs, brushes, hats)
o Poor hygiene
o Diabetes
A) BASAL CARCINOMA
B) ALOPECIA
C) TINEA CAPITIS
D) LICE
TINEA CAPITIS
—Ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis) –is a rash caused by a FUNGAL INFECTION.
It usually causes itchy, scaly, bald patches on the head. Ringworm gets its name because of its circular appearance. No worm is involved.
Ringworm of the scalp is a CONTAGIOUS infection.
Caused by mold-like fungi called dermatophytes.
What is the diagnosis
ASSESSMENT:
ring worm of the body
- Rash
- Pruritus
- Well-circumscribed, red, scaly plaque, usually on the trunk
- May occur in groups of three or more
Risk Factors
o Close contact with animals
o Warm climates
o Obesity
o Prolonged use of topical steroids
o Immunocompromised state
A) PSORIASIS
B) TINEA CORPORIS
C) ATOPIC DERMATITIS
D) SQUAMOS CARCINOMA
TINEA CORPORIS(body)
– Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis) – is a rash caused by a FUNGAL INFECTION
It’s usually an itchy, circular rash with clearer skin in the middle.
Ringworm gets its name because of its appearance. No worm is involved.
Caused by dermatophyte fungi of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum.
Diagnosis:
KOH (potassium hydroxide) skin scraping will reveal the hyphae.
What is the diagnosis
ASSESSMENT
ring worm of the genital area
o Pruritus
o Well marginated half-moon plaques in the groin and/or upper thighs
o May take on eczematous appearance from chronic scratching
o Does not affect the scrotum or penis
o May appear as vesicles
o Rare in pediatric patients before puberty
RISK FACTORS:
o Wearing wet clothing
o Excessive sweating
o Obesity
o Prolonged use of topical steroids
o Immunocompromised state
A) CANDIDIASIS
B) ALLERGIC REACTION
C) TINEA CRURIS
D) POISON IVY
TINEA CRURIS
Ring worm of the Genital area , pubic, perineal, and perianal area.
Jock itch (tinea cruris) is a fungal infection that causes a red and itchy rash in warm and moist areas of the body.
The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may be shaped like a ring.
Jock itch gets its name because it’s common in athletes.
It’s also common in people who sweat a lot or who are overweight
The infection is caused by the dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum
diagnosis:
KOH (potassium hydroxide) skin scraping will reveal the hyphae.
What is the diagnosis:
Assessment
o Itching, malodor, burning of feet, pain
o Maceration in toe webs
o Scaling or blistering on soles of feet
o Bacterial superinfections possible
o Runners, older adults, and patients with diabetes more susceptible
o Spreads easily to toenails, groin area and hands
RISK FACTORS
o Occlusive footwear
o Damp footwear
o Prolonged use of topical steroids
o Immunocompromised state
o Poor foot hygiene
A) PSORIASIS
B) POISON IVY
C) TINEA PEDIS (Athlete’s foot)
D) SQUAMOS CELL CARCINOMA
TINEA PEDIS (FOOT)
Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s foot) is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes.
It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tight-fitting shoes.
Signs and symptoms of Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) include an itchy, scaly rash.
The infection is caused by the dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum
how to diagnose:
scraping
What is the Diagnosis
ASSESSMENT
o Nails are lusterless, brittle, hypertrophic, friable
o May see white patches on the nails
o Up to 80% of cases occur on toes, with first digit most commonly involved
RISK FACTORS
o Excessive exposure to water, soaps, detergents, alkaline, industrial cleaning agents
o Discolored and crumbly thickened nails, distortion of nail results from chronic inflammation
o Commonly associated with tinea pedis
A) Psoriasis,
B) Bowen disease
C) Tinea Unguium
D) Squamous cell carcinoma
TINEA UNGUIUM (UNGUIS - NAIL)
Tinea unguium is a type of fungal infection (dermatophytes)
The fungus infects the fingernails and, more commonly, the toenails.
It’s more common in men, older adults, and people who have diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, or another health problem that weakens the immune system.
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail unit.
When onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, it is called tinea unguium.
The term onychomycosis encompasses not only the dermatophytes but the yeasts and saprophytic molds infections as well.
What is the Diagnosis
ASSESSMENTS
* Well-marginated lesions (white, red, brown)
* Hyper- Hypo pigmented skin
*Common in axilla, shoulders, chest, back (sebum-rich areas)
* Itching could or could not be present (rare)
RISK FACTORS
o Hot, humid climates
o Wearing wet clothing
o Prolonged use of topical steroids
o Immunocompromised state
A) VITILIGO
B) PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR
C) PITYRIASIS ALBA
D) ALLERGIC REACTION
PITYRIASIS (TINEA)VERSICOLOR
Pityriasis versicolor is a common fungal skin infection.
It’s sometimes also called tinea versicolor.
Yeast-like fungus (Malassezia furfur).
This fungus interferes with the normal pigmentation of the skin, resulting in small, discolored patches.
Occurs most frequently in teens and young adults.
Sun exposure may make tinea versicolor more apparent.
It is Not painful Nor contagious.
But it can lead to emotional distress or self-consciousness.
DIAGNOSIS: Skin scrapings with potassium hydroxide solution reveal hyphae and spores.
WHAT ARE THE DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR TINEA INFECTIONS? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.
A) BLOOD TEST
B) KOH SCRAPING
C) ALLERGY PATCH TESTING
D) WOOD’S LAMP EXAM
B & D
B) KOH scraping (Skin scrapings with potassium hydroxide solution reveal hyphae and spores)
D) Wood’s lamp exam (some tinea will not fluoresce, most forms of tinea capitis will not fluoresce)
WHAT DO THE FUNGI DERMATOPHYTES REQUIRED FOR GROWTH
KERATIN
dermatophytes are fungi that require keratin for growth.
The fungi invade the skin, and the infection is limited to the keratin layer (Keratin is a major structural component of the outer layers of skin.).
KERATIN IS A MAJOR STRUCTURAL COMPOTENTE OF THE OUTER LAYER OF SKIN:
TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade the skin, and the infection is limited to the keratin layer (Keratin is a major structural component of the outer layers of skin.).
