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Body Logistics > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin and in which order are they in?

A

Epidermis (top layer)
Dermis (middle layer)
Hypodermis (lowest layer)

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2
Q

Where is the hypodermis thickest in men and women and in both sexes?

A

Men - thickest in abdomen and shoulders.
Women - thickest in hips, thighs and buttocks.
Both - thick on palms of hands.

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3
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A
  • Provides an energy store - able to generate heat.
  • Insulator for underlying heat generation - e.g. stops heat escaping into upper layers.
  • Shock absorber (e.g. fat on buttocks).
  • Connects skin to underlying muscle + bone.
  • Makes hormones (e.g. leptin to control eating habits).
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the hypodermis?

A
  • Mainly contains adipose tissue - some neurovascular bundles/lymphatics.
  • Contains loose connective tissue with fibroblasts, macrophages and fibres.
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5
Q

Describe the structure of the dermis:

A

Three layers:

  • papillary (upper)
  • reticular ( lower)
  • dermal papillae ( interdigitating (interlocking)).
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6
Q

What are the functions of the dermis layer of the skin?

A
  • Thermoregulation - contains hair + sweat glands.
  • contains sensory structures to sense touch.
  • give structure to the skin and so body shape.
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7
Q

What are the functions of the epidermis?

A
  • Prevents water loss.
  • Prevents entry to bacteria and parasites.
  • Special cells that present pathogens to immune cells.
  • synthesis of keratin
  • prevents underlying tissue loss due to abrasion.
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8
Q

What are the 4/5 layers of the epidermis in skin? Acronym - come lets get sun burnt!

A 
C - Stratum corneum
L - Stratum lucidum (transparent layer) - only found on palms and soles of feet. 
G - Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
S - Stratum spinosum 
B - Stratum basale
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9
Q

Apart from the 4/5 layers of the epidermis, describe its structure:

A
  • Avascular
  • Laterally held together by adherens junctions.
  • Held together basal apical by desmosomes.
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum corneum:

A
  • Outermost layer made of squames (dead keratinocytes).
  • Continuously sheds.
  • Tick on palms and soles of feet - used to be areas prone to injury.
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium layer.
  • lamellar granules (filament associates proteins that assemble keratin fibres and release it).
  • tonoibrils
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum layer?

A
  • cuboidal epithelium arranged in 3 layers (layers held together by desmosomes).
  • producers of lamellar bodies.
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum basale layer?

A
  • tall columnar epithelial cells.
  • constantly renew keratinocytes by cell division.
  • also home to melanocytes, which produce melanin.
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14
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A
  • To synthesise keratin (fibrous protein) that contributes to the strength of the epidermis.
  • Keratin is the main constituents of hair, nails and animal horns.
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15
Q

What types of cells are you likely to find in the epidermis of the skin? What are the functions of each of these?

A
  • melanocytes - produce melanin. (Found in basal layer of epidermis).
  • keratinocytes - synthesise keratin fibres.
  • langerhans’ cells - mediate immune reactions e.g. during allergic contact dermatitis. Found in the stratum spinosum.
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16
Q

Describe the main nerve cells found in the skin?

A
  • Pacinian corpusles - percieve deep pressure and virbrational changes.
  • Ruffini endings - detect deep pressure and stretching of the skin’s collagen fibres (joint movement and tissue stretch).
  • Merkel receptors - associates with Merkel cells. Respond to sustained light touch on skin.
  • Free nerve endings - have nociceptors that respond to pain.
  • Krause end bulbs - have thermoreceptors that respond to temperature variations.
  • Meissner receptors - detect light touch.
17
Q

Explain the process of making the keratin layer of the skin:

A
  • Undergo mitosis in the basal layer.
  • Daughter cells move up through the prickle layer (stratum spinosum).
  • As they migrate the keratinocytes lose their ability to divide and their nuceli, eventually forming the horny layer (stratum corneum).
  • This layer provides a barrier for the skin due to the amounts of keratin.
18
Q

Where would you find non-hairy (thick) skin?

A
  • palmar surface of hand.
  • plantar surface of the foot.
  • area between fingers and toes (webs).
19
Q

What is the structure of non-hairy thick skin?

A
  • same as rest of body
    EXECPT - no hair, no arrector pili muscles, no sebaceous glands.
  • thinner dermis
  • increased density of mechanoreceptors.
  • thicker stratum corneum.
20
Q

What is the function of non hairy (thick) skin?

A
  • Prevent tissue loss due to abrasion.
  • Increased friction between skin and surfaces.
  • Increased sensation.
21
Q

Name some functions of the skin:

A
  • Storage (white adipose cells provide lipids)
  • Lubrication (sebaceous glands release oil onto surface).
  • Temperature regulation and excretion of waste products (sweat glands - NaCl and water, urea).
  • Protection and repair (wound healing - fibroblasts) (UV protection by melanocytes)
  • Vitamin D synthesis.
  • Absorption
  • Sensation (due to specialised structures called mechanoreceptors).
  • Absorption (absorb small amounts of water and oxygen).
22
Q

Describe the structure of hairy skin:

A
  • Presence of hair follicles, sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles.
  • Stratum lucidium absent.
23
Q

What are skin appendages and give examples of some of these:

A
  • They are skin associated structures that serve a particular function.
  • hairs, arrector pili, sebaceous glands, sweat glnds and nails.
24
Q

What are the 3 hair types and describe where each of these are found:

A

Lanugo - covers the developing foetus.
Vellus - replaces lanugo. Short, thin, light coloured and soft.
Terminal - head (scalp, eyebrows, nasal passage), external genital region. Long, wide, dark coloured and coarse.

25
Q

Give some functions of hair:

A
  • Thermoregulation.
  • Partial barrier to UV rays e.g. hair on scalp.
  • Sexual attraction
  • sensation (sensory endings within the bulb)
  • protection (eyelashes and nasal hair prevent pathogen entry into body, eyebrows reduce amount of sweat entering the eye).
26
Q

What are the functions of nails?

A
  • Protection of surrounding soft tissues from injury.
  • Enhance precise delicate movements.
  • Enhance sensitivity of the fingertips.
27
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

All over the skin except in the palms of hand and the soles of the feet.

28
Q

What is the difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands have a water based secretion (so are significant for cooling) and are found all over the body.
  • Apocrine sweat glands are limited to the axilla (armpit) and perianal areas. Not significant for cooling - secrete oily sweat fluid.
29
Q

What name would you give to a structure consisting of hair, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland?

A

Pilosebaceous glands

Body Logistics (6 decks)

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