skills exam 6 Flashcards
What is the normal baseline color of urine in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: light yellow to deep amber
Dark amber: dehydration
Orange: use of Pyridium (medication for UTI)
Red/Pink: blood
What is the normal appearance of urine in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: clear
Cloudiness: possible bacteria, white blood cells, blood, or more
What is the normal odor of urine in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: aromatic/no odor
Malodorous urine: possible infection
Fruit smell: possible Diabetic Ketoacidosis
What is the normal pH of urine in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: 4.5-8.0
pH <4.5: metabolic acidosis
pH >8.0: infection, metabolic alkalosis
What is the normal specific gravity of urine in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: 1.005-1.030
SG <1.005: excessive fluid intake, diabetes mellitus
SG >1.030: dehydration, SIADH, heart failure
What are normal results for protein in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: <20 mg/dL
Persistent proteinuria shows kidney disease, may also be elevated in dehydration or fever
What are normal results for glucose in a urinalysis? What do abnormal results indicate?
Normal: negative
If present, excessive glucose in blood; uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus
What are normal results for ketones in a urinalysis? What do abnormal results indicate?
Normal: negative
If present, ketones present in blood; carb-free diets, Diabetes Mellitus
What are normal results for bilirubin in a urinalysis? What do abnormal results indicate?
Normal: negative
Excess bilirubin/liver issues if present
What are normal results for nitrite in a urinalysis? What do abnormal results indicate?
Normal: negative
Indicates urine infection if positive
What are normal results for leukocyte esterase in a urinalysis? What do abnormal results indicate?
Normal: negative
Indicates urine infection if positive
What are normal results for RBCs in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: <5/hpf
If elevated, blood present in urine (kidney stones, trauma, etc.)
What are are normal results for WBC in a urinalysis? What are abnormal results and what do they indicate?
Normal: <5/hpf
If elevated, urine infection or inflammation present Excessive amounts (>15-20) may indicate pyelonephritis present
What are normal results for casts in a urinalysis? What do abnormal results indicate?
Normal: none
Indicates urine infection or renal damage if present
What is the normal range for BUN?
10-20 mg/dL
When is BUN considered critically high?
> 100 mg/dL
What is the normal range for serum creatinine?
0.6-1.2 mg/dL
When is serum creatinine considered critically high?
> 4mg/dL
What is the normal range for eGFR?
> 60mL/min
What is the normal range for Creatinine Clearance?
~120mL/min
What is the length of a male urethra?
7 to 8 inches
What is the length of a female urethra? What are females more at risk for?
2 to 3 inches
Increased risk of UTI because bacteria has a shorter distance to travel
What is urinary retention?
An accumulation of urine in the bladder due to the inability of the bladder to empty
What does cystitis (lower UTI) affect? What are s/s?
Affects bladder and urethra
Signs and symptoms
- Suprapubic tenderness
- Urinary issues: dysuria, urgency, frequency, incontinence, foul-smelling cloudy urine
What does pyelonephritis (upper UTI) affect? What are s/s?
Kidneys affected along with bladder and urethra
If a lower UTI is not treated appropriately, bacteria will travel superior to kidneys
Signs and symptoms
- Those of a lower UTI
- CVA tenderness
- Systemic issues: fever, chills
What are UTI s/s common in older adults?
New onset confusion, decreased LOC, agitation
What education should the nurse provide for the patient with a UTI?
Take all antibiotics Prevention: - educate hygiene (wipe front to back) - hydration - void bladder completely
What is stress incontinence?
Involuntary urine loss from increasing abdominal pressure; coughing, sneezing, laughing, physical activities
This is the most common form of incontinence!
What is urge incontinence?
Involuntary urine loss with abrupt/strong desire to void; unable to make it to the bathroom in time
Most common type of incontinence in older adults
What is functional incontinence?
Incontinence due to inability to get to the bathroom, physical limitations, loss of memory (progressed dementia), disorientation
These individuals are usually dependent on others
What is overflow incontinence?
Involuntary loss of urine associated with bladder distention, may occur due to prostate enlargement
What is total incontinence?
Continuous, unpredictable loss of urine
Neurological impairment, surgery, trauma
