Skill Characteristics, Transfers and Practices (Unit 1)

Question 1

What is ACE FACE?

Answer 1

Aesthetically Pleasing
Consistent
Efficiency

Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical

Question 2

Knapp 1963

Answer 2

A learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time or energy

Question 3

Positive Transfer

Answer 3

When skills that have been learnt help or facilitate the learning of other skill (Pass in netball=pass in basketball)

Question 4

Negative Transfer

Answer 4

When learning one skill hinders the learning of another. The skill may be similiar but miss vital parts (Flick of wrist in badminton, Strong wrist in tennis)

Question 5

Zero Transfer

Answer 5

When learning one skill has no effect on the learning of another (Drive in Golf- Free kick in Football)

Question 6

Bilateral Transfer

Answer 6

When skill is transferred from one side to another of the body (One-handed catch in cricket using either hand)

Question 7

Open and Closed (Example)

Answer 7

Open- When a performance is affected by external factors (Dribbling in Football)

Closed- When a performance isn’t affected by external factors (Free throw in Basketball)

Question 8

Gross and Fine (Example)

Answer 8

Gross- Using big muscle groups in order to create explosive and powerful movements
(Tackle in Rugby)

Fine- Using small muscle groups in order to create small and precise movements
(Shooting an arrow in Archery)

Question 9

Externally Paced and Self-Paced (Example)

Answer 9

Externally Paced- External factors affect the speed and start of a performance or skill
(The gun start of a 100m race)

Self-Paced-Performer has full control of speed of performance and start point
(Penalty Kick in Football)

Question 10

Simple and Complex (Example)

Answer 10

Simple- Not a lot of decision making or thinking needed for the skill
(Front roll in Gymnastics)

Complex- Lots of decision making and thinking needed for the skill
(Dribbling in Hockey)

Question 11

High and Low (Example)

Answer 11

High- Hard to break down the skill into subroutines that can be practiced
(Overhead Kick in Football)

Low- Easy to break down the skill into subroutines that can be practiced
(Front Crawl in Swimming)

Question 12

Discrete, Serial and Continuous (Example)

Answer 12

Discrete- Clear and start and end to a skill
(Golf Swing)

Serial- Multiple start and end points that link together (Triple Jump)

Continuous- No clear start or end to a skill
(Rowing)

Question 13

How can a coach ensure positive transfer?

Answer 13

*Highlight similarities between sports
*Identify potential negative transfer
*Have correct technique in the first skill before transferring
*Use planned progression
Make practice session relevant to game situations
Practice against opponents
Ensure the performer is motivated
*(Main Four)

Question 14

What is Whole Practice?

Answer 14

Perform the skill in it’s entirety without breaking into sub-routines

Question 15

When should you use Whole Practice?

Answer 15

When the skill is simple, fast, ballistic and discrete

Skill is highly organised and cannot be broken down

Skill is simple and requires little thought

When kinesthetic feel of the task is required

The performer has autonomous learning and is advanced

Question 16

What are the advantages of Whole Practice?

Answer 16

Helps make the skill consistent and perform automatically

Gives a feeling of the whole skill

Develops fluency

Keeps links between sub-routines

More realistic than other forms of practice and helps produce positive transfer

Question 17

What are the Negatives of Whole Practice?

Answer 17

Many place unnecessary risk on performer

Beginners may not be able to cope with all aspects of the skill at once

Risk of information overload

Possibility of fatigue

Question 18

What is Whole Part Whole?

Answer 18

Practicing a skill in it’s entirety, choose a weakness within the skill to practice, then practice the skill altogether

Question 19

When should you use Whole Part Practice?

Answer 19

When a beginner is doing a skill, complex task and may need to concentrate on one part of the skill before progressing

The skill is easy to breakdown

When it is easy to isolate parts of the skill that a performer has a weakness on

Question 20

What are the advantages of Whole Part Practice?

Answer 20

Kinesthetic feel for the whole skill

Fluency and integration of the sub-routines can be maintained while errors are corrected

Provides immediate feedback

Provide motivation when success is achieved when a long standing weakness is corrected

Question 21

What are the negatives of Whole Part Whole?

Answer 21

Time consuming

Some skills cannot be broken down

Can produce negative transfer unless coach integrates the part back into the whole action as soon as possible

Question 22

What is Progressive Part Practice?

Answer 22

Practicing a part of a skill then adding another skill until your practicing the entire serial routine

Question 23

When should you use Progressive Part Practice?

Answer 23

Serial skills when the order is important

When links between sub routines need to
be made

Dangerous skills like trampoline routines

Low organised skills that are easily broken down

Question 24

What are the advantages of Progressive Part Practice?

Answer 24

Rest to prevent fatigue

Can gradually improve confidence

The more drive the further you complete the routine

Develops Kinaesthesis

Good for beginners

Practice specific parts of the skill

Question 25

What are the negatives of Progressive Part Practice?

Answer 25

Takes a long time to learn

Potentially boring

Danger of negative transfer between coach sequence of the skill

Question 26

What are the 4 Training Practices?

Answer 26

Massed- continuous practice with very little or no rest between attempts

Mental- cognitive rehearsal of a skill with no actual physical movement taking place

Varied- Applying skills in different situations

Distributed- Practice is interspersed with breaks, which can be rests or other skills

Question 27

When should Massed Practice be used?
Upsides and downsides?

Answer 27

Suitable for simple, discrete and closed skills

Better for individuals who are more fit, experienced or autonomous performers

High motivated performers, time is limited, skill becomes habitual

Could potentially cause fatigue or become boring, negative transfer may occur, requires motivation

Question 28

When should Mental Practice be used?
Upsides and Downsides?

Answer 28

Beginners can build up mental picture, more from cognitive to associative practice of skill

Improved confidence, stimulates working muscles for injured players

Beginners need to learn basics before advancing, experts improve reaction time and activate muscles quicker

Question 29

When should Varied Practice be used?
Upsides and Downsides?

Answer 29

Puts it in a game situation, outlines weaknesses, useful for open skills

Can be time consuming, could have negative transfer of basics aren’t learnt, possible information overload

Develops kinesthetic feel and helps to build schema, can be motivating

Question 30

When should Distributed Practice be used?
Upsides and Downsides?

Answer 30

Suitable for dangerous skills or skills that cause fatigue, individuals who are younger or less experienced, short attention span

Better for beginners, less fit and less motivated, good for gross skills or complex skills, breaks can be used for feedback or rest

Can be time consuming, progress is slow and can be fustrating for autonomous performers due to multiple breaks