Principles and Theories of Learning and Performance (Unit 2)

Question 1

What is Positive Feedback + Sport Example?

Answer 1

Information given to the performer about what went well in their performance

Ex. Successfully scored a freekick using the knuckleball technique in football

Question 2

What is Negative Feedback + Sport Example?

Answer 2

Information given to the performer about what went wrong in the performance

Ex. The wrist isn’t loose to allow for flick shots in badminton

Question 3

What is Extrinsic Feedback + Sport Example?

Answer 3

Information about the performance from an external source

Ex. A coach telling a player that their grip needs to be stronger when playing a forehand shot in tennis

Question 4

What is Intrinsic Feedback + Sport Example?

Answer 4

Information about the performance that comes from within the performer

Ex. The kinaesthetic feel when performing a backhand tennis shot in tennis

Question 5

What is Knowledge of Results + Sport Example?

Answer 5

This gives an initial outcome of the skill as to whether it has been successful or not

Ex. Successfully serving in the allocated area resulting in winning the match in tennis

Question 6

What is Knowledge of Performance + Sport Example?

Answer 6

Concerned with the technique and how it can be developed to produce a better performance

Ex. Not rotating your wrist in forehand shot in tennis resulting in no topspin making it easier to return

Question 7

What is a Learning Plateau?

Answer 7

A period of performance where there is no signs of improvement

Question 8

What is a Learning Curve?

Answer 8

A learning curve is a visual representation of what happens when a closed skill is performed repeatedly over a period of time by a novice

Question 9

What are the Stages of a Learning Curve?

Answer 9

Stage 1- When the rate of learning is slow and performance is poor as they are new to the task and a cognitive learner

Stage 2- Rapid acceleration in rate of learning because the performer has begun to master the task and gain some success

Stage 3- There is no signs of improvement in rate of learning and performance plateaus

Stage 4- A period of fatigue where performance deteriorates

Question 10

What are the Reasons for a Learning Plateau?

Answer 10

Fatigue- potential DOMS

Ability limit-reached your limit

Boredom- repetitive

Incorrect feedback- incorrect practice methods and instructions

Lack of motivation- loss of drive due to no signs of improvement

Target set too low- doesn’t push performer to their limit

Question 11

What can Coaches do to Overcome a Learning Plateau?

Answer 11

-Distributed sessions/rest/recovery periods
-Reset goals/make tasks more challenging
-rewards/encouragement/praise/positive reinforcement
-Using mental rehearsal/imagery/visualization
-Provide feedback/visual guidance
-Use of whole-part-whole/part method/breaking the skill down
-Ensure performer focuses on appropriate cues
-Make practices more varied/more interesting/fun/enjoyment
-Make performer fitter
-Different coach/teaching style

Question 12

What is Visual Guidance?

Answer 12

Showing a performer how to do a skill

It must be clear, accurate, side-on, slow and be used with reinforcement to encourage retention of the skill in the memory.

It will create a mental image of how it should be completed, short and easy to remember, easy to cope.

It doesn’t develop a kinaesthetic feel and can demotivate if highly complex

Question 13

What is Verbal Guidance? (Positives and Negatives)

Answer 13

Explaining and describing how to complete a skill

A coach will explain a drill and talk about key points and provide feedback.

It can create a set structure in their head of steps, tactics can be explained, feedback can be quick and immediate and good for developing and fine tuning skills.

However, hard to imagine how it should work, doesn’t develop kinaesthesis, can be overwhelming and too much for short term memory, difficult to explain sometimes and wrong information may be given

Question 14

What are Manual and Mechanical Guidance?

Answer 14

Manual- when a coach provides physical support to the performer

Mechanical- with equipment to support the performer

Gets a brief feeling of how the skill should be performed, improves safety of a skill and confidence within performers with new skills

Too much can cause over reliance, can develop wrong kinaesthetic feel and Mechanical Guidance can potentially break

Question 15

What is a Cognitive Learner?

Answer 15

They lack fluency , not controlled, need to learn basics, not aesthetically pleasing, beginners and use trial and error for progression in skills

They prefer positive, extrinsic and knowledge of results feedback to know whether a skill worked or not. They will gain confidence and motivation

Cannot have a kinaesthetic feel so can’t use intrinsic feedback and negative feedback can demotivate them

Question 16

What is an Associative Learner?

Answer 16

Some fluency and control, developed basics, club or school players

Make fewer gross errors, refine patterns and developed learning, use a combination of feedback from beginner and autonomous styles of learning and want to learn to correct mistakes to get more intrinsic feedback

Question 17

What is an Autonomous Learner?

Answer 17

Mastered or well learnt techniques, fluent and controlled, aesthetically pleasing, economic/efficient and usually county or professional representatives

Use negative, intrinsic and knowledge of performance feedback to improve on technique as they already know the skill, this feedback helps to fine tune the skills techniques

Question 18

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 18

Manipulating the environment with trial and error to reinforce positive behaviour

Aims to strengthen the S-R bond

Question 19

What is a Satisfier?

Answer 19

Praise, trophy, that promotes a pleasant feeling

Question 20

What is an Annoyer?

Answer 20

Action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of the incorrect response

Question 21

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 21

Pleasant stimulus is given to increase likelihood of response reoccurring

Question 22

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 22

Promotes a correct action to a stimulus by taking away an unpleasant stimulus when the performer acts correctly

Question 23

What is Punishment?

Answer 23

Giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring, breaking the S-R bond

Question 24

What is Observational Learning?

Answer 24

Learning a skill by copying or modelling ourselves on another person

Question 25

What is Social Learning?

Answer 25

Learning by copying others because we wish to be socially accepted

Question 26

How are you more likely to copy Demonstrations?

Answer 26

-They are performed by a player of the same ability
-They are reinforced
-Powerful visually and physically
-Consistent and relevant

Question 27

What are the 4 parts of Observational Learning?

Answer 27

Attention- making sure the performer takes notes of relevant cues

Retention- the ability to remember important information and recall it from memory

Motor Production- making sure the player is capable of physically copying the demonstration

Motivation- the drive needed to copy demonstrations

Question 28

What is Insight Learning?

Answer 28

The performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea of how to deal with problematic sporting situations concentrating on the problem as a whole and storing it for similar future situations

Question 29

What are the Benefits of Insight Learning?

Answer 29

-Can be used in long term and multiple scenarios
-Good for associative learners
-Encourages use of more complex skills
-Can develop the technique of certain skills
-Provides self satisfaction and better intrinsic feedback
-Encourages creativity and decision making
-Improves confidence and independence

Question 30

What is the Social Development Theory?

Answer 30

We learn through interaction with More Knowledgeable Others such as coaches and teachers

Question 31

How do More Knowledgeable Others help in the Social Development Theory?

Answer 31

-They talk through steps
-Manipulate the environment
-Use manual guidance
-Encouragement
-Motivate them
-Guidance
-Support
-Influence the learner
-Show high effort, be a role model
-Healthy lifestyle encouragement
-Demonstrate values

Question 32

What is Inter-Psychological Learning?

Answer 32

External learning from a MKO with feedback, encouragement, advice and reinforcement being used

Question 33

What is Intra-Psychological Learning?

Answer 33

Internal feedback is provided due to the performers previous inter-psychological knowledge, allowing the performer to work more individually and problem solve alone

Question 34

What is Constructivism?

Answer 34

A learner will work with MKO to develop skills and add to skills they already know

Question 35

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 35

What you can do without help compared to what you can do with help from a MKO and what you can’t do yet

Question 36

What is a Process Goal?

Answer 36

-A goal that focuses on technique
-Has no social comparison
-Internal unstable attribution (controllable by performer
-These help to build confidence

Question 37

What is a Performance Goal?

Answer 37

-Related to a personal best
-Personal Standard (unrelated to anyone else)
-No social comparison
-These are largely controllable by the performer

Question 38

What are Outcome Goals?

Answer 38

-Typically long term
-All about the end result
-Winning/ Losing
-It’s not directly controllable by the performer as its effected by external factors
-These goals are statistically less likely to be achieved

Question 39

What is SMARTER Goal Setting?

Answer 39

Specific-Related to the intended goal of session

Measurable-Produces quantitative data

Achievable-Challenging but still realistic

Realistic- Achievable by performers (skill level)

Time-Bound- Specific timescale, reach in time

Evaluate-Was the goal successful or not

Redo-Must repeat goal setting to continue skill growth