Principles and Theories of Learning and Performance (Unit 2) Flashcards
Stages of learning, Learning plateau, Cognitive theories, Behaviorism, Social Learning, Constructivism, Types of feedback and guidance.
What is Positive Feedback + Sport Example?
Information given to the performer about what went well in their performance
Ex. Successfully scored a freekick using the knuckleball technique in football
What is Negative Feedback + Sport Example?
Information given to the performer about what went wrong in the performance
Ex. The wrist isn’t loose to allow for flick shots in badminton
What is Extrinsic Feedback + Sport Example?
Information about the performance from an external source
Ex. A coach telling a player that their grip needs to be stronger when playing a forehand shot in tennis
What is Intrinsic Feedback + Sport Example?
Information about the performance that comes from within the performer
Ex. The kinaesthetic feel when performing a backhand tennis shot in tennis
What is Knowledge of Results + Sport Example?
This gives an initial outcome of the skill as to whether it has been successful or not
Ex. Successfully serving in the allocated area resulting in winning the match in tennis
What is Knowledge of Performance + Sport Example?
Concerned with the technique and how it can be developed to produce a better performance
Ex. Not rotating your wrist in forehand shot in tennis resulting in no topspin making it easier to return
What is a Learning Plateau?
A period of performance where there is no signs of improvement
What is a Learning Curve?
A learning curve is a visual representation of what happens when a closed skill is performed repeatedly over a period of time by a novice
What are the Stages of a Learning Curve?
Stage 1- When the rate of learning is slow and performance is poor as they are new to the task and a cognitive learner
Stage 2- Rapid acceleration in rate of learning because the performer has begun to master the task and gain some success
Stage 3- There is no signs of improvement in rate of learning and performance plateaus
Stage 4- A period of fatigue where performance deteriorates
What are the Reasons for a Learning Plateau?
Fatigue- potential DOMS
Ability limit-reached your limit
Boredom- repetitive
Incorrect feedback- incorrect practice methods and instructions
Lack of motivation- loss of drive due to no signs of improvement
Target set too low- doesn’t push performer to their limit
What can Coaches do to Overcome a Learning Plateau?
-Distributed sessions/rest/recovery periods
-Reset goals/make tasks more challenging
-rewards/encouragement/praise/positive reinforcement
-Using mental rehearsal/imagery/visualization
-Provide feedback/visual guidance
-Use of whole-part-whole/part method/breaking the skill down
-Ensure performer focuses on appropriate cues
-Make practices more varied/more interesting/fun/enjoyment
-Make performer fitter
-Different coach/teaching style
What is Visual Guidance?
Showing a performer how to do a skill
It must be clear, accurate, side-on, slow and be used with reinforcement to encourage retention of the skill in the memory.
It will create a mental image of how it should be completed, short and easy to remember, easy to cope.
It doesn’t develop a kinaesthetic feel and can demotivate if highly complex
What is Verbal Guidance? (Positives and Negatives)
Explaining and describing how to complete a skill
A coach will explain a drill and talk about key points and provide feedback.
It can create a set structure in their head of steps, tactics can be explained, feedback can be quick and immediate and good for developing and fine tuning skills.
However, hard to imagine how it should work, doesn’t develop kinaesthesis, can be overwhelming and too much for short term memory, difficult to explain sometimes and wrong information may be given
What are Manual and Mechanical Guidance?
Manual- when a coach provides physical support to the performer
Mechanical- with equipment to support the performer
Gets a brief feeling of how the skill should be performed, improves safety of a skill and confidence within performers with new skills
Too much can cause over reliance, can develop wrong kinaesthetic feel and Mechanical Guidance can potentially break
What is a Cognitive Learner?
They lack fluency , not controlled, need to learn basics, not aesthetically pleasing, beginners and use trial and error for progression in skills
They prefer positive, extrinsic and knowledge of results feedback to know whether a skill worked or not. They will gain confidence and motivation
Cannot have a kinaesthetic feel so can’t use intrinsic feedback and negative feedback can demotivate them
What is an Associative Learner?
Some fluency and control, developed basics, club or school players
Make fewer gross errors, refine patterns and developed learning, use a combination of feedback from beginner and autonomous styles of learning and want to learn to correct mistakes to get more intrinsic feedback
What is an Autonomous Learner?
Mastered or well learnt techniques, fluent and controlled, aesthetically pleasing, economic/efficient and usually county or professional representatives
Use negative, intrinsic and knowledge of performance feedback to improve on technique as they already know the skill, this feedback helps to fine tune the skills techniques
What is Operant Conditioning?
Manipulating the environment with trial and error to reinforce positive behaviour
Aims to strengthen the S-R bond
What is a Satisfier?
Praise, trophy, that promotes a pleasant feeling
What is an Annoyer?
Action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of the incorrect response
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Pleasant stimulus is given to increase likelihood of response reoccurring
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Promotes a correct action to a stimulus by taking away an unpleasant stimulus when the performer acts correctly
What is Punishment?
Giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring, breaking the S-R bond
What is Observational Learning?
Learning a skill by copying or modelling ourselves on another person
