Information Processing (Unit 3)

Question 1

What are the Two Types of Senses?

Answer 1

Exteroceptors- external information/ stimulus receives e.g. Sight, Hearing

Proprioceptors- movement stimulus receives e.g. Kinaesthesis, Touch, Balance

Question 2

What does the Sight Sense do?

Answer 2

Takes in information that is visibly seen such as players positions and opposition movement

Question 3

What does the Hearing Sense do?

Answer 3

Takes in information using sound such as calls from teammates and warnings about opposition

Question 4

What does the Touch Sense do?

Answer 4

Takes in information both physically and metaphorically such as the sense of a defender pressing you or a teammate running into you

Question 5

What does the Balance Sense do?

Answer 5

Takes in information about your positioning or balance of your base and whether you need to take another step or are balanced enough to perform the skill

Question 6

What does the Kinaesthesis Sense do?

Answer 6

Takes in internal information about the performance/ feel of the skill and whether it was the correct technique or not

Question 7

What is Selective Attention?

Answer 7

Gaining information from the display and focusing on the relevant cues blocking out any irrelevant cues

Question 8

What are the Three Aspects of Decision Making?

Answer 8

Detection-the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified as important. Selective Attention occurs (Perceptual Phase)

Comparison- involves trying to match the information identified as important to information already in the memory of the performer (Translatory Phase)

Recognition-the performer has used the information from the memory to identify an appropriate response which is then put into action (Translatory Phase)

Question 9

What occurs in the Perceptual Mechanism?

Answer 9

The detection stage occurs where the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified as important. and selective attention occurs

Question 10

What occurs in the Translatory Mechanism?

Answer 10

Once the information from the senses has been filtered it is adapted into an image that can sent to the memory for comparison

Past experiences are used so that information is received and can be linked with these past experiences and sent to the memory. Similar actions are memorized and recognised to be used

Question 11

What is a Motor Programme?

Answer 11

Actions are stored in the memory as motor programmes, coded information that is used for the perceptual mechanism to pick out the appropriate motor programme

Question 12

What is the Effector Mechanism?

Answer 12

A network of nerves sending impulses to the muscles from the brain causing contraction and a response of movement to begin

Question 13

What is the Central Executive?

Answer 13

Decision making for incoming information- it allocates attention and resources to the slave systems. It takes information in using all the senses. Auditory information is then sent to the Phonological Loop and sight to the Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 14

What is the Phonological Loop?

Answer 14

Works with the auditory sense and has an Articulatory system. It helps us to produce a memory trace and a mental idea of the skill and its information will be sent to the LTM to produce motor programmes for movement

Question 15

What is the Articulatory System?

Answer 15

Maintenance rehearsal of things we hear repeating in our head

Question 16

What is the Phonological Store?

Answer 16

Stores the various words we hear

Question 17

What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?

Answer 17

Used for remembering or processing visual patterns and spatial movement. Helps to process the feel of the movement of a skill

Question 18

What is the Visual Cache?

Answer 18

Stores visual information about form and colour

Question 19

What is the Inner Scribe?

Answer 19

Deals with the spatial and movement information

Question 20

What is the Episodic Buffer?

Answer 20

Coordinates the Phonological Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad into sequences. Gathers information from other stores. It produces a n integrated sequences of sight, sound and movement which can be sent to the LTM for comparison and recognition. These sequences are the starting point for the initiation of motor programmes

Question 21

What are the 8 ways that Help us to Retain Information?

Answer 21

Rewards
Association
Mental Practice
Repetition
Chunking
Chaining
Focus

Question 22

How do Rewards help Retain Information?

Answer 22

Extrinsic and Intrinsic rewards are used to help motivate the performer to want to remember correct actions

Question 23

How does Association help Retain Information?

Answer 23

Association of actions you wish to learn with appropriate actions or emotions already stored in the memory

Question 24

How does Mental Practice help Retain Information?

Answer 24

Rehearsing information in your head without physical movement, helps remember the correct sequence of a skill

Question 25

How do Repetition help Retain Information?

Answer 25

Repeated practice of the stimulus ensures that they are stored as motor programmes in the LTM and can be used for later use

Question 26

How do Chunking help Retain Information?

Answer 26

When you break a task down into parts preventing information overload and allowing the performer to learn one aspect of a skill before moving onto another skill

Question 27

How does Chaining help Retain Information?

Answer 27

When items of info are recalled in a sequence so one moves onto another particularly useful in helping recall serial skills

Question 28

How does Focus help Retain Information?

Answer 28

Coaches should get the performer to focus and helps to ignore distractions as this helps the process of selective attention

Question 29

What is Schema?

Answer 29

All the information needed to make a movement decision. It is stored in the brain as a long term memory

It suggests that core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and then modified and adapted using the same information from the environment and feedback from the senses

Question 30

What is a Motor Programme?

Answer 30

A series of subroutines organised into the correct sequence to perform a movement

Question 31

What is Recall Schema?

Answer 31

There are 3 stages to Recall Schema

Initial Conditions- Where am i?

Information from the sporting environment must be recognised before the schema can be used

Response Specifications- What have i got to do?

Information from the environment is used to access the available options open to the performer

Run the motor programme

Question 32

What is Recognition Schema?

Answer 32

There are 2 steps in Recognition Schema

Sensory Consequence- How did it feel?

Refers to feeling experienced during and after movement, concerns the use of the senses to help guide the movement and information is used to control and apply movement to the situation

Response Outcome- Did it work?

Schema and initiated motor programme can be updated by getting the knowledge result of the action. If pass was successful then schema was successful. If not then adjustments are made for next time and the motor programme is adapted

Question 33

What are some Strategies used to Develop Schema?

Answer 33

-Put the performer in different situations (varied practice)
-Distributed practice to get extrinsic feedback
-Mental practice, goes through skill in the head
-Ensuring practice is specific to the competitive situations
-Teach simple tasks before setting challenging goals

Question 34

What is Reaction Time?

Answer 34

Reaction time + movement time= response time

Reaction time- Involves no movement; it is the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of the response. It is the fraction of a second it takes us to select and process the stimuli

Question 35

What is Movement Time?

Answer 35

The time it takes to complete the task after information processing has taken place. It is the time from the start to the completion of the action for the required task

Question 36

What is Response Time?

Answer 36

The total time taken for the onset of a stimulus to the start of movement in reaction to the stimulus

Question 37

What is Simple Reaction Time?

Answer 37

This involves one specific response to one stimulus

Question 38

What is Choice Reaction Time?

Answer 38

When the performer is presented with multiple stimuli, each needing a different response.

Generally, the more stimuli or the more responses the performer has to process, the slower the reaction time

Question 39

What is Hick’s Law?

Answer 39

As the number of choices increase, reaction time slows down

Question 40

What is Single Channel Hypothesis?

Answer 40

Only one piece of information can be processed at one time, when it receives several pieces of information it forms a ‘bottleneck’ causing a delay in decision making.

Therefore the second stimulus must wait before the first stimulus has been processed

Question 41

What is the Psychological Refractory Period?

Answer 41

Only one stimulus can be processed at once, if a second stimulus is presented before the first then there is a delay in processing both the stimuli. This delay is called the Psychological Refractory Period

Question 42

What are the Advantages of the Psychological Refractory Period?

Answer 42

The opponent has to respond to the first stimulus before responding to the second stimulus

This gives an advantage as there is a time delay before the opponent can react to the second stimulus

Question 43

What is Anticipation?

Answer 43

A performer tries to judge a stimulus

Anticipation uses the environments information in the form of signals from the opponent or ‘cues’ which may include both body language and positioning

Question 44

What is Temporal Anticipation?

Answer 44

Predicting when something will happen e.g. the timing of a pass

Question 45

What is Spatial Anticipation?

Answer 45

Predicting where something will happen e.g. the placement of a shot

Question 46

What Methods can Improve Reaction Time?

Answer 46

-Repetition of specific situations
-Mental practice, go over task prior to action to help with predictions mentally
-Relevant practice, train specific stimuli expected in a game
-Improve fitness, interval and plyometric improving speed and power
-Focus, increase stimulus to improve selective attention