skill aquisition

Question 1

define skill

Answer 1

the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

Question 2

define open skill

Answer 2

a skill performed in an unpredictable environment

Question 3

define closed skill

Answer 3

a skill performed in a predictable environment

Question 4

define gross skill

Answer 4

a skill that uses large muscle groups

Question 5

define fine skill

Answer 5

a skill that uses small muscle groups

Question 6

define self-paced skill

Answer 6

when the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill

Question 7

define externally paced skill

Answer 7

when the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill

Question 8

define discrete skill

Answer 8

a skill that has a clear beginning and end

Question 9

define serial skill

Answer 9

a skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement

Question 10

define low organised skill

Answer 10

a skill that is easily broken into parts

Question 11

define high organised skill

Answer 11

a skill that is not easily broken into parts

Question 12

define simple skill

Answer 12

a skill that requires few decisions when being performed

Question 13

define complex skill

Answer 13

a skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed

Question 14

continua (x6)

Answer 14

Continuity - discrete (very clear start/finish), serial (chain of discrete skills), continuous (no clear start/finish)

Organisation - high (hard to break down), low (easy to break down)

Environmental influence - open (unpredictable and changing), closed (predictable)

Extent of muscles used - gross (large muscle groups), fine (smaller muscle groups)

Control and rate of execution - self paced (performer controls start and speed of skill), externally paced (no control of start or speed)

Degree of difficulty - simple (few decisions), complex (many decisions)

Question 15

state the characteristics of skill

Answer 15

A - aesthetically pleasing
C - consistent
E - efficient
F - fluent
A - accurate
C - controlled
E - economical

Question 16

Explain using a sports example justification of skill placement on each of the continua

Answer 16

A skill classified as one thing can change in different situations and as the game or performance develops, skills can be classified in different ways. E.g. isolated practice of basketball dribble, players lined up and practicing in turn without opposition (closed), practice of 3v2 or in game (open)

Question 17

define transfer

Answer 17

the effect of learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another

Question 18

define positive transfer

Answer 18

when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another

Question 19

define negative transfer

Answer 19

when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another

Question 20

define zero transfer

Answer 20

when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another

Question 21

define bilateral transfer

Answer 21

when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb

Question 22

what is a sports example of positive transfer

Answer 22

a basketball pass and netball pass (similar actions)

Question 23

what is a sports example of negative transfer

Answer 23

tennis serve (uses the arm) and badminton serve (uses the wrist) - similar environments but different movements - leads to confusion

Question 24

what is a sports example of zero transfer

Answer 24

the swimming arm action and foot placement in rock climbing

Question 25

what is a sports example of bilateral transfer

Answer 25

a right-footed footballer being encouraged to use their left foot so their left foot becomes equal to their right

Question 26

how can a coach ensure positive transfer

Answer 26

•positive transfer can be encouraged by making sure that training is realistic - the use of cones or rugby tackle bags is replaced by real people in small games
•the coach should make sure the skill is well learned before moving onto an advanced skill - slow, planned progression
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—>the coach could reward and reinforce the players for the correct adaptation of positive transfer by praising players for using skills with similar actions

Question 27

Define whole practice

Answer 27

Practicing the skill in its entirety

Question 28

Define Whole-part-whole practice

Answer 28

Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practice, then putting the skill back together

Question 29

Define progress part practice

Answer 29

Practicing the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually, sometimes called chaining

Question 30

Define chaining

Answer 30

Linking the sub-routines, or parts of the task, together in order when practicing

Question 31

Evaluate whole practice

Answer 31

Use when: skill is fast, highly organised, can be broken down, simple, feel of whole task is required, advanced performer, links need maintaining

E.g. golf swing

Advantages: create images (memory), realistic (positive transfer), consistency, good habits, automatic

Disadvantages: unnecessary demands (unable to cope), fatigue if no break, too much info to process

Question 32

Evaluate whole-part-whole practice

Answer 32

Use when: beginner doing complex task

Advantages: motivation after correcting weakness, immediate feedback, improve performance, correct errors, integration of sun-routines maintained, maintain feel for whole skill

Disadvantages: negative transfer if parts not put whole in same session, time consuming

Question 33

Evaluate progressive part practice

Answer 33

Used when: skill is low organised, can be broken down so each part is clear, complex skill - feature isolated

Advantages: focus on one aspect, rest (reduce fatigue), increase motivation from success of a part, improve confidence

Disadvantages: time consuming, neglect feel of whole task, negative transfer between each sequence of the skill

Question 34

Define massed practice

Answer 34

No rest intervals

Question 35

Define distributed practice

Answer 35

Rest intervals

Question 36

Define mental practice

Answer 36

Going over the skill in the mind without movement

Question 37

Define varied practice

Answer 37

Changing the practice type + the practice drills

Question 38

Evaluate massed practice

Answer 38

When Skill is: discrete, simple, closed, highly organised, self-paced
Advantages: forms motor programmes, increase fitness, enhances over learning, good for habitual responses, efficient
Disadvantages: no time for feedback, fatigue, too demanding
E.g. basketball player practicing a free throw

Question 39

Evaluate distributed practice

Answer 39

when Skill is: continuous, complex, low organised, can break it down, serial, externally paced
Advantages: allows recovery, less mental pressure, allows mental rehearsal/feedback, reduces danger
Disadvantages: time consuming, negative transfer.
E.g. a Swimmer practicing stroke technique in training

Question 40

Evaluate varied practice

Answer 40

When skill is: complex, easy part at first then add, open, externally paced
Advantages: builds a schema, gives motivation, allow adaptation Disadvantages: time consuming, possibility of a negative transfer, fatigue, too demanding
E.g. players practicing a football pass

Question 41

Evaluate mental practice

Answer 41

When Skill is: serial, complex, novice + expert, internal: emotions, external: mental picture of environment
Advantages: improves reaction time, builds motor programmes, builds confidence, controls anxiety
Disadvantages: must be correct, environment must be calm
E.g. a performer on the trampoline going over the routine before competition