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A-level PE > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

describe the flow of blood through the heart

A

•superior/inferior vena cava
•right atrium
•tricuspid valve
•right ventricle
•pulmonary semi lunar valve
•pulmonary arteries
•lungs
•pulmonary veins
•left atrium
•biscupid valve
•left ventricle
•aortic semi lunar valve
•aorta

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2
Q

describe the two types of circuits in the vascular system

A

•pulmonary: deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and oxygenated blood back to heart
•systemic: oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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3
Q

describe the structure of the five types of blood vessel

A

•arteries: thick muscle/elastic tissue layers, small lumen, smooth inner layer, high blood pressure
•veins: low blood pressure, valves, wide lumen, thin muscle/ elastic tissue layers
•capillaries: allowed for exchange of nutrients one cell thick
•arterioles: thick muscle walls,
thin lumen
•venunles: small lumen, thinner walls than arterioles

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4
Q

define systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

heart contracts = systolic blood pressure (high)
heart relaxes = diastolic blood pressure (low)

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5
Q

explain the relationship between blood pressure and location

A

high blood pressure in arteries
low blood pressure in veins
low blood pressure in capillaries

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6
Q

define blood pressure

A

force of blood against the blood vessel walls

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7
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

arteries blocked by atheroma

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8
Q

define atheroma

A

(a build up of) fatty deposits

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9
Q

define angina

A

when oxygen cannot be provided to the heart

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10
Q

define low density lipoproteins

A

transport bad cholesterol into the blood and tissue

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11
Q

define high density lipoproteins

A

removes excess cholesterol from blood and transports to liver where it can be broken down

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12
Q

define stroke

A

blood supply to brain is cut off + brain cells die

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13
Q

identify the negative impacts of a lack of physical activity on the cardiovascular system

A

•high blood pressure
•high cholesterol
•heart disease
•stroke

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14
Q

explain the effects of the negative impacts of a lack of physical activity of the cardiovascular system

A

•puts extra strain on arteries and heart - can lead to heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke, dementia
•increased risk of heart disease, low density lipoproteins
•arteries that supply heart muscles with oxygenated blood become blocked/narrow (atherosclerosis)

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15
Q

explain the benefit of regular physical activity on the negative impacts

A

•regular exercise can lower systolic and diastolic pressure
•exercise lowers LDL cholesterol and increases HDL cholesterol levels
•keeps the heart healthy and efficient (hypertrophy - can pull more blood around the body)

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16
Q

define stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart’s left ventricle during each systolic contraction

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17
Q

define cardiac output (Q)

A

the quantity of blood pumped by the heart within a minute

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18
Q

define heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats within a minute

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19
Q

define venous return

A

the flow of blood from the periphery (body) back to the right atrium

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20
Q

define ejection fraction

A

the percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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21
Q

define cardiac hypertrophy

A

the thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger; also can mean a larger ventricular cavity

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22
Q

define bradycardia

A

a decrease in resting heart rate to below 60bpm —> amount of blood pumped out (divided by) amount of blood in

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23
Q

Describe the factors that determine stroke volume

A

•venous return
•elasticity of cardiac fibres - the more the fibres can stretch (during diastolic phase) the greater the force of contraction
•controllability of cardiac tissue - the greater the controlability, the greater the force

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24
Q

describe what is meant by Starling’s Law

A

increased venous return —> greater diastolic filling of the heart —> cardiac muscle stretched —> greater force of contraction —> increased ejection fraction

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25
Q

explain the changes in heart rate during maximal exercise

A

•anticipatory rise due to adrenaline
•sharp rise in HR due to mainly anaerobic work
•HR continues to rise due to maximal work loads
•rapid decline in HR due to exercise stopping
•slow recovery as systems return to resting levels

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26
Q

explain the changes to heart rate during submaximal exercise

A

•anticipatory rude due to adrenaline
•sharp rise in HR due to mainly aerobic work
•steady state as athlete is able to meet oxygen demand with oxygen supply
•rapid decline in heart rate do to exercise stopping
•slow recovery as systems return to resting levels

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27
Q

explain the changes to cardiac output (Q) in response to exercise

A

•Increase in HR + SV= increase in Q
• Heart rate will increase in proportion to intensity
> max HR is reached

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28
Q

Explain the changes to stroke volume in response to exercise

A

• SV increases with intensity
• Only to 40-60% of maximun
•SV plateaus due to increased HR - shorter diastolic phase
• Not enough time for heart to fill with blood so cannot pump as much out.
=>regular training - resting SV increases

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29
Q

define medulla oblongata

A

the most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

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30
Q

define myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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31
Q

define sino-atrial node (SAN)

A

a small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat (commonly called the pacemaker)

32
Q

define atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

this node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

33
Q

define systole

A

when the heart contracts

34
Q

define diastole

A

when the heart relaxes

35
Q

bundle of His

A

a collection of heart muscle cells that transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

36
Q

define purkinje fibres

A

muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

37
Q

describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

sympathetic: a part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up the heart rate
parasympathetic: a part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

38
Q

identify the three types of receptor and explain their roles

A

•chomereceptors - tiny structures (in the carotid arteries and aortic arch) that detect changes in blood acidity e.g. increase in CO2
•baroreceptors - special sensors in tissues (in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels) that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate
•proprioceptors - sensory nerve endings (in muscles, tendons and joint) that detect changes in muscle movement

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after detecting movement, receptors send an impulse to the medulla oblongata (brain which then sends an impulse through sympathetic nervous system to SAN to increase HR)

39
Q

describe how hormones can have an effect on heart rate

A

adrenaline released -> stimulates SAN -> increase in speed/ force of contraction -> increase cardiac output by sympathetic nerves

40
Q

describe the pathway of the impulse through the heart during the cardiac conduction system

A

the impulses travel from the sino-atrial node (SAN) to the atrioventricular node (AVN). there the impulses slow down for 1 second to allow the blood to flow. then to the bundle of His and the right + left bundle branches to the purkinje fibres surrounding the ventricles.

41
Q

define steady state

A

where the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

42
Q

what is cardiovascular drift?

A

cardiovascular drift is characterised by a progressive decrease in stroke volume and blood pressure with a rise in heart rate

43
Q

why does cardiovascular drift occur?

A

•prolonged exercise in warm environment - sweating more -> blood plasma volume decreases when we sweat = deacreass in venous return and therefore SV (Starling’s Law)
•as a result heart rate increases to compensate and maintain a higher cardiac output
•this attempts to create more energy to cool the body down
MAINTAIN HIGH FLUID CONSUMPTION IN ORDER TO AVOID CARDIOVASCULAR DRIFT

44
Q

what are the problems with cardiovascular drift

A

•HR moves towards max = anaerobic system = lactic acid
•early fatigue -> ^ viscosity = decrease in blood flow = decreased O2 to muscles
•heat illness = decreased performance
•energy is used for cooling down = less energy for performance = decreased performance levels

45
Q

define arteria-venous difference

A

difference between oxygen content of arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving muscles

46
Q

Explain what happens to arterio-venous difference during exercise

A

Rest: arterio-venous difference is low as not much oxygen is required by the muscles
Exercise: more oxygen is needed from blood for muscles so arterio-venous difference is high

47
Q

define vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of cardiac output

48
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow to capillaries

49
Q

define vasodilation

A

the widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

50
Q

describe the change in blood flow to different areas of the body when at rest + during exercise

A

rest: skeletal muscle - 15-20%
brain - 15%
exercise: skeletal muscle - 80-85% - more energy needed to cool down body
brain - 3-4% (same volume as at rest)
BRAIN MUST REMAIN CONSTANT

51
Q

explain why there is a change in the distribution of blood during exercise

A

the skeletal muscles require more oxygen during exercise so more blood needs to be redirected to them in order to meet the increase in demand of oxygen

52
Q

explain how the vasomotor centre controls blood flow to different areas in the body

A

chemical changes - increase in CO2/lactic acid detected by the chemoreceptors —> vasomotor centre stimulated which in turn stimulates sympathetic nerves in walls of blood vessels —> vasoconstriction in arterioles supplying non-essential areas of the body/vasodilation in arterioles supplying essential areas of the body

pre-capillary sphincters - contract (vasoconstrict)
expand (vasodilate)

53
Q

justify the importance of the redistribution of blood

A

•increases supply of oxygen to working muscles
•removes waste products from the muscles such as CO2 and lactic acid
•ensure more blood goes to the skin during exercise to regulate body temperature and get rid of heat through radiation, evaporation (sweating)
•direct more blood to the heart as it is a muscle and requires extra oxygen during exercise

54
Q

define plasma

A

fluid part of blood (surrounds cells + transports them)

55
Q

define haemoglobin

A

pigment found in red blood cells - which combine with oxygen (to make oxyhaemoglobin)

56
Q

define myoglobin

A

muscle pigment in slow-twitch muscle fibres —> higher affinity than haemoglobin (can hold more)

57
Q

define mitochondria

A

respiration + energy production occur here

58
Q

define pH

A

a measure of acidity

59
Q

describe the transportation of oxygen at the lungs

A

oxygen diffuses into capillaries around alveoli —> 3% dissolves into plasma —> 97% combines with haemoglobin
haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules (when fully saturated)
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this occurs when the partial (volume) pressure of oxygen in the blood is high e.g. in the capillaries in lungs

60
Q

describe the transportation of oxygen at the tissues

A

•oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin - due to low pressure of oxygen in the tissues
•this process is called oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
•oxygen is stored in the myoglobin (in muscle)
•myoglobin has a higher affinity (strength of attraction) than haemoglobin
•myoglobin stores the oxygen until ready for use by mitochondria

61
Q

describe what occurs during oxyghaemoglobin dissociation at rest + during exercise

A

at partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs, haemoglobin is almost fully saturated
in the tissues, partial pressure of oxygen in lower therefore haemoglobin gives some of its oxygen to the tissues

this is fine at rest when the muscles do not require much oxygen but during exercise this needs to occur faster so more oxygen in released by haemoglobin

62
Q

describe what occurs during oxyghaemoglobin dissociation at rest + during exercise

A

at partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs, haemoglobin is almost fully saturated
in the tissues, partial pressure of oxygen in lower therefore haemoglobin gives some of its oxygen to the tissues

this is fine at rest when the muscles do not require much oxygen but during exercise this needs to occur faster so more oxygen in released by haemoglobin

the curve shifts to the right during exercise as muscles require more oxygen.

63
Q

explain the factors that are responsible for the Bohr shift

A

•increase in body temperature - blood/muscle temperature increases during exercise. haemoglobin dissociates quicker
•increase in partial pressure of CO2 - as CO2 levels rise, haemoglobin dissociates faster
•descreas in pH in blood - increase in CO2 lowers pH. this drop causes oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin quicker

64
Q

define venous return

A

return of blood to the right side heart via the vena cava

65
Q

describe the venous return mechanisms

A

venous return increases during exercise

•skeletal muscle pump (lower body)
•respiratory pump (chest area)
•pocket valves

•gravity (upper body areas + areas above heart)
•smooth inner muscle layer (helps squeeze blood back to heart)
•suction pump of heart (blood drawn back to heart through suction effect if heart pumping blood out)

66
Q

explain the relationship between venous return and blood pressure

A

an increase in systolic BP = an increase in VR

determined by a pressure gradient between the right atrium + vena cava
this can be affected by:
•venous pressure
•right atrial pressure
•venous resistance

67
Q

State the Pathway of air

A

1) nose/mouth
2) pharynx
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) bronchi
6) bronchioles
7) alveoli

68
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing

A

Inspiration:
1) intercostals muscles + diaphragm contract
2) rib cage pulled up + out
3) increase area inside cavity - room for lungs to inflate
4) decrease pressure inside thoracic cavity
5) air move from environment into lungs - air moves from high to low pressure

Expiration:
1) intercostal musdes + diaphragm relax
2) ribgage down + in
3) decease area inside cavity - lungs deflate
4) increase pressure inside thoracic cavity
5) air move from lungs to environment - air moves from low to high pressure

69
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath

70
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

71
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

72
Q

Define residual volume

A

Amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

73
Q

Define minute ventilation

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute (number of breaths per min x tidal volume)

74
Q

Define spirometer

A

Measures lung volumes

75
Q

Define vital capacity

A

Total amount of air expired after maximal inhalation

76
Q

Describe the changes that occur to each of the lung volumes during exercise

A

Tidal volume and minute ventilation increase during exercise. As more oxygen needed to working muscles. Performer avoids fatigue - perform better for longer

A-level PE (3 decks)

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