skill acquisiton Flashcards
what is skill aquisition
ability to reliably deliver accurate execution
What occurs during skill aquisition
there is a speed-accuracy trade-off and slow learning
there are cellular changes ie neuroplasticity
and can be system level changes
what are system levels for skill acquisition
move from cortical to sub-cortical
automatisation
decreased cognitive effect
what are the four mechanisms of motor learning
Instructive
reinforcement
use-dependent
sensorimotor adaptation
what is instructive motor learning?
strategy based, explicit
primary driver = performance-based external feedback
primary neural substrate involved is prefrontal cortex
cognitive load = high
what is reinforcement motor learning
Reward-based
Primary driver: outcome-based external feedback
primary neural substrate involved: basal ganglia
Medium cognitive load
What is use-dependent cognitive learning
Repetition based
Primary driver: task-specific massed practice
Primary neural substrate involved: motor cortex, spinal cortex
Medium cognitive load
What is sensorimotor adaptation
recalibration, implicit
Primary driver: sensorimotor prediction errors
Primary neural substrate: cerebellum
Low cognitive load
what is the process of long-term potentiation
Voltage-gated NMDA receptors in membrane at a new synapse site
Ca2+ influxes only when there is coactivation of pre and post-synaptic membranes
Ca”+ influx stimulates insertion of non-voltage gated AMPA receptors into membrane
AMPA receptors can’t figure out useful connection till both fire at same time so initially connection is weak
There is a resultant increase in post-synaptic neuron receptors
Originally nerve 1 cant make nerve 2 work but after time body realises possible useful connection and AMPA receptors easier for nerve to carry signal
what is long-term potentiation
a cellular mechanism of memory formationin the brain
persistent strengthening of synpases based on recent patterns of acivity
what is the process of long term depression?
if connection isn’t being used or is unhelpful the connection can be removed
this stops nerve 1 directly impacting on nerve 2
opposite process to potentiation
decrease post-synaptic Ca2+ results in reduction of AMPA receptor initially
followed by deletion of synapses if continued failure to coactivate
may completely lose synapse
what are the 10 principles of experience-dependent plasticity
use it or lose it
use it and improve it
specificity
repetition matters
intensity matters
time matters
salience matters
age matters
transference
interference
what is the use it or lost it principle
failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation
what is the use it and improve it principle
training that drives a specific brain function can lead to an enhancement of that function
what is the specificity principle
nature of the training experience dictates the nature of the plasticity
what is the repetition matters principle?
induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition
what is the intensity matters principle
induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity
what is the time matters principle
different forms of plasticity occur at different times during training
what is the salience prinicple
the training experience must be suffiently salient to induce plasticity
what is the age matters principle
training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains
what is the transference principle
plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance the acquisition of similar behaviours
what is the interference principle
plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviours
what are possible post-lesional physiological changes
oedema
diaschisis
excitotoxicity
apoptosis
what is excitotoxicity
cells die releasing neurotransmitters increasing area of issue
what is apoptosis
oedema resolves spontaneous recovery occurs
larger area affected by stroke
loss of ability to communicate
as oedema reduces should regain these cells
what are the mechanisms for injury induced plasticity
denervation hypersensitivity
synaptic hypereffectiveness
unmasking silent synapses
regenerative synaptogenesis
reactive synaptogenesis
what is denervation hypersensitivity
where nerves lost connections are easier to generate reaction potential due to reduced polarity
what is synaptic hypereffectiveness
at synpase point takes smaller amount of neurotransmitter and fewer connections
what is unmasking silent synapses
no longer live connections in these areas but are able to make better use of these
what is regenerative synaptogenesis
reestablishing synapse so where one synapse connected try and maximise connections and find pathways to regain function
when may motor learning through plasticity have constraints
process of automatisation can be harder with parkinson’s disease
cognitive impairment may prevent use explicit learning mechanisms
cerebellar impairment may prevent use of sensorimotor adaptation
