Skill Acquisition Flashcards
What is a closed skill?
A skill performed in a predictable environment (e.g a penalty)
What is an open skill?
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, performer has to adjust and react to the situation.
What is a gross skill?
Large movements using lot’s of muscles.
What is a fine skill?
Small movements using few muscles.
What is a self paced skill?
When the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill.
What is an externally paced skill?
When the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill.
What is a discrete skill?
Has a clear beginning and end.
What is a continuous skill?
Has no start and finish, and is or can be continued.
What is a serial skill?
Skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.
What is a high organisation skill?
A skill that is not easily broken into parts.
What is a low organisation skill?
A skill that is easily broken into parts.
What is a simple skill?
A skill that requires few decisions when being performed.
What is a complex skill?
A skill that requires decision making using lot’s of information when performed.
What are the 7 characteristics of a skill?
FACE, LACE:
- Learned
- Accurate
- Controlled
- Efficient
- Fluent
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Consistant
What is a positive transfer?
When skills/ attributes from another sport help you learn a skill.
What is a negative transfer of learning?
When skills/ attributes from another sport negatively impact you learning a skill.
What is bilateral transfer of learning?
When learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb (left hook transferred to right hook).
What is zero transfer of learning?
When skills/ attributes from other sports have no impact on your learning of a skill.
What is Whole practice?
Practising the skill in it’s entirety.
What are disadvantages of whole practice?
- May be too much information to take in and learn.
- Not for beginners.
What are advantaged of whole practice?
- Fluency (feel of the skill)
- Develops understanding
What is Whole-Part-Whole practice?
- Do the whole task.
- Isolate weakness, work on it.
- Put it back into whole task.
What are the disadvantages to whole-part-whole practice?
- Time consuming
- Some skills can’t be broken down
What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- Outlines your specific weakness, then corrects it.
- Can be used to improve performance at all levels.
What is progressive part practice?
Each part of a skill is added gradually (‘chaining’).
What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
- Time consuming
- If first part is incorrect, all is lost through negative transfer
What are the advantages of progressive part practice?
- Keeps links between parts.
- Stages of success gives motivation.
- Reduces danger.
Reduces fatigue.
What is massed practice?
A skill is practiced until it is learnt (e.g free throw in basketball).
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- Requires a high level of fitness.
- Can’t be used by beginners.
- No time for feedback.
What are the advantages of massed practice?
- Forms motor programs.
- Increase fitness.
- Efficient.
What is distributed practice?
When a skill is learnt across multiple sessions with breaks in between (e.g practicing technique in swimming).
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- Time consuming
- Negative transfer may occur
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
- Allows recovery.
- Less mental pressure.
- Allows for feedback.
- Reduces danger.
What is variable practice?
When you change the skills and drills and you change the type of practice (e.g a pass in football).
What are the disadvantages of variable practice?
- Time consuming
- Possibility of negative transfer
- Fatigue
- Too demanding
What are the advantages of variable practice?
- Builds a schema
- Gives motivation
- Allows adaptation
What is mental practice?
Go over it in the mind without movement (e.g trampoline gymnast going over a routine before they perform).
What are the disadvantages of mental practice?
- Must be correct
- Environment must be calm
What are the advantages of mental practice?
- Improves reaction time
- Builds motor programs
- Builds confidence
- Controls/ reduces anxiety
What is the leaning plateau?
Learning plateau is when an athlete reaches a level of performance that they cannot improve on. This is due to them acquiring an autonomous feel for specific skills. This usually leads to drive reduction.
What causes a learning plateau?
- Goals have been reached
- Poor coaching
- Boredom
- Loss of motivation
What is manual guidance?
Physical support, such as holding a gymnast on a vault during a headstand.
What is mechanical guidance?
A device used to help performance such as an armband in swimming.
What is extrinsic feedback?
- Outside source
- e.g coaches and teammates
What is intrinsic feedback?
- Comes from within (yourself)
What is negative feedback?
- Outlines weakness
- Helps people improve
- Can demotivate people
What is positive feedback?
- Outlines peoples strengths
- Can provide motivation
- Can cause arrogance
What is the Social learning theory (observational learning) suggested by Bandura?
- All our behaviour is learned in some way.
- Bandura suggests that learning takes place by watching others and trying to copy it.
- Bandura says that for behaviour to be copied the model has to be reinforced (e.g success).
- ARM: Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation.
What is the constructivism theory (social development) suggested by Vygotsky?
- Interaction with others can produce learning by social development.
- You learn from more knowledgable others (‘MKO’).
- Learning from coaches is initially started through ‘inter psychological learning’. This includes: advice, feedback, tactical knowledge.
- Then a cognitive process called ‘intra psychological learning’ takes place (actual learning).
What is the ‘Zone of proximal learning’?
Assesses what a performer needs to do next to develop a skill/ performance:
1. What can I do alone?
2. What can I do with help?
3. What can I not do yet?
What is insight learning, suggested by Gestalt?
- Performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea of how to deal problematic sporting situations.
- Performers face sporting problems, then have to come up with a solution and then try it.
- Behaviour is then changes/adapted.
- If the solution works it can give athletes intrinsic motivation and a sense of satisfaction.
- Encourages the performer to think for themselves and develops the cognitive process.
- ‘Focus on the whole task’.
What is the behaviourist theory (operant conditioning) suggested by Skinner?
- Trial and error learning.
- Shapes behaviour through reinforcement.
- Operant conditioning works by strengthening the stimulus response bond.
- Positive reinforcement increases likelihood of behaviour through rewards.
- Negative reinforcement implements an ‘unpleasant stimulus’ then likelihood of behaviour is increased due to this being removed.
- Punishment is applying an unpleasant stimulus to make sure behaviour doesn’t happen again.
