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A Level PE- Mrs Rex > Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill performed in a predictable environment (e.g a penalty)

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2
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, performer has to adjust and react to the situation.

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3
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

Large movements using lot’s of muscles.

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4
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

Small movements using few muscles.

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5
Q

What is a self paced skill?

A

When the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill.

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6
Q

What is an externally paced skill?

A

When the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill.

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7
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A

Has a clear beginning and end.

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8
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

Has no start and finish, and is or can be continued.

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9
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

Skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement.

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10
Q

What is a high organisation skill?

A

A skill that is not easily broken into parts.

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11
Q

What is a low organisation skill?

A

A skill that is easily broken into parts.

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12
Q

What is a simple skill?

A

A skill that requires few decisions when being performed.

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13
Q

What is a complex skill?

A

A skill that requires decision making using lot’s of information when performed.

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14
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of a skill?

A

FACE, LACE:
- Learned
- Accurate
- Controlled
- Efficient
- Fluent
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Consistant

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15
Q

What is a positive transfer?

A

When skills/ attributes from another sport help you learn a skill.

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16
Q

What is a negative transfer of learning?

A

When skills/ attributes from another sport negatively impact you learning a skill.

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17
Q

What is bilateral transfer of learning?

A

When learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb (left hook transferred to right hook).

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18
Q

What is zero transfer of learning?

A

When skills/ attributes from other sports have no impact on your learning of a skill.

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19
Q

What is Whole practice?

A

Practising the skill in it’s entirety.

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20
Q

What are disadvantages of whole practice?

A
  • May be too much information to take in and learn.
  • Not for beginners.
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21
Q

What are advantaged of whole practice?

A
  • Fluency (feel of the skill)
  • Develops understanding
22
Q

What is Whole-Part-Whole practice?

A
  • Do the whole task.
  • Isolate weakness, work on it.
  • Put it back into whole task.
23
Q

What are the disadvantages to whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • Time consuming
  • Some skills can’t be broken down
24
Q

What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?

A
  • Outlines your specific weakness, then corrects it.
  • Can be used to improve performance at all levels.
25
What is progressive part practice?
Each part of a skill is added gradually (‘chaining’).
26
What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
- Time consuming - If first part is incorrect, all is lost through negative transfer
27
What are the advantages of progressive part practice?
- Keeps links between parts. - Stages of success gives motivation. - Reduces danger. Reduces fatigue.
28
What is massed practice?
A skill is practiced until it is learnt (e.g free throw in basketball).
29
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- Requires a high level of fitness. - Can’t be used by beginners. - No time for feedback.
30
What are the advantages of massed practice?
- Forms motor programs. - Increase fitness. - Efficient.
31
What is distributed practice?
When a skill is learnt across multiple sessions with breaks in between (e.g practicing technique in swimming).
32
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- Time consuming - Negative transfer may occur
33
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
- Allows recovery. - Less mental pressure. - Allows for feedback. - Reduces danger.
34
What is variable practice?
When you change the skills and drills and you change the type of practice (e.g a pass in football).
35
What are the disadvantages of variable practice?
- Time consuming - Possibility of negative transfer - Fatigue - Too demanding
36
What are the advantages of variable practice?
- Builds a schema - Gives motivation - Allows adaptation
37
What is mental practice?
Go over it in the mind without movement (e.g trampoline gymnast going over a routine before they perform).
38
What are the disadvantages of mental practice?
- Must be correct - Environment must be calm
39
What are the advantages of mental practice?
- Improves reaction time - Builds motor programs - Builds confidence - Controls/ reduces anxiety
40
What is the leaning plateau?
Learning plateau is when an athlete reaches a level of performance that they cannot improve on. This is due to them acquiring an autonomous feel for specific skills. This usually leads to drive reduction.
41
What causes a learning plateau?
- Goals have been reached - Poor coaching - Boredom - Loss of motivation
42
What is manual guidance?
Physical support, such as holding a gymnast on a vault during a headstand.
43
What is mechanical guidance?
A device used to help performance such as an armband in swimming.
44
What is extrinsic feedback?
- Outside source - e.g coaches and teammates
45
What is intrinsic feedback?
- Comes from within (yourself)
46
What is negative feedback?
- Outlines weakness - Helps people improve - Can demotivate people
47
What is positive feedback?
- Outlines peoples strengths - Can provide motivation - Can cause arrogance
48
What is the Social learning theory (observational learning) suggested by Bandura?
- All our behaviour is learned in some way. - Bandura suggests that learning takes place by watching others and trying to copy it. - Bandura says that for behaviour to be copied the model has to be reinforced (e.g success). - ARM: Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation.
49
What is the constructivism theory (social development) suggested by Vygotsky?
- Interaction with others can produce learning by social development. - You learn from more knowledgable others (‘MKO’). - Learning from coaches is initially started through ‘inter psychological learning’. This includes: advice, feedback, tactical knowledge. - Then a cognitive process called ‘intra psychological learning’ takes place (actual learning).
50
What is the ‘Zone of proximal learning’?
Assesses what a performer needs to do next to develop a skill/ performance: 1. What can I do alone? 2. What can I do with help? 3. What can I not do yet?
51
What is insight learning, suggested by Gestalt?
- Performer uses existing knowledge to form an idea of how to deal problematic sporting situations. - Performers face sporting problems, then have to come up with a solution and then try it. - Behaviour is then changes/adapted. - If the solution works it can give athletes intrinsic motivation and a sense of satisfaction. - Encourages the performer to think for themselves and develops the cognitive process. - ‘Focus on the whole task’.
52
What is the behaviourist theory (operant conditioning) suggested by Skinner?
- Trial and error learning. - Shapes behaviour through reinforcement. - Operant conditioning works by strengthening the stimulus response bond. - Positive reinforcement increases likelihood of behaviour through rewards. - Negative reinforcement implements an ‘unpleasant stimulus’ then likelihood of behaviour is increased due to this being removed. - Punishment is applying an unpleasant stimulus to make sure behaviour doesn’t happen again.

A Level PE- Mrs Rex (6 decks)

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