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A Level PE- Mrs Rex > Cardiovascular/ Respiratory System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular/ Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of diastole

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. The heart ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood.

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2
Q

What is the definition of systole?

A

Term used to describe the concentration phase of the cardiac cycle- the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries.

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3
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction.

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4
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease.

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5
Q

What is the definition of fitness?

A

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of an environments.

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6
Q

What is the definition of physical activity?

A

Being active and taking part in exercise- can directly benefit your physical health and well being.

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7
Q

What is the definition of heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

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8
Q

What is the definition of anticipatory rise?

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise.

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9
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps out. Measured in litres per minute (L/min).

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10
Q

Give the order, 1-7, that the impulses travel in the heart.

A
  1. SAN
  2. Atrial systole
  3. AVN
  4. Bundle of his
  5. Bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibres
  7. Ventricular systole
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11
Q

Why is the heart said to be ‘myogenic’?

A

It has the ability to generate it’s own electrical impulses which originate in the heart muscles itself.

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12
Q

What are 5 features of a trained athletes cardiovascular system?

A
  • Large amount of RBC
  • Bigger and stronger heart muscles
  • Increase in cardiac output
  • High stroke volume
  • Lower resting heart rate
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13
Q

What does bradycardia mean?

A

Someone with a resting heart rate of below 60bpm.

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14
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate.

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A

A part of the automic nervous system that decreases heart rate.

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16
Q

What is the neural control mechanism?

A

It involves the sympathetic nervous system (heart beat to go faster) and the parasympathetic system (returns heart to it’s resting level). These two systems are co-ordinated by the cardiac control centre located in the medulla oblongata in the brain.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors in the body?

A

Chemoreceptors, Baroreceptors, Proprioceptors.

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18
Q

What is the role of Chemoreceptors?

A

During exercise, chemoreceptors detect an increase in carbon dioxide. This increased concentration of CO2 in the blood will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. This will lead to the heart beating faster.

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19
Q

What is the role of Baroreceptors?

A
  • Baroreceptors contain nerve endings that respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure.
  • Baroreceptors establish a set point for blood pressure, however this set point will increase at the start of exercise.
  • An increase in arterial pressure causes an increase in the stretch of the Baroreceptors sensors and results in a decrease in heart rate.
  • A decrease in arterial pressure causes a decrease in the stretch of the Baroreceptor sensors and results in an increase in heart rate.
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20
Q

What is the role of the proprioceptors?

A
  • Proprioceptors are sensory nerve endings located in muscles, tendons and joints.
  • At the start of exercise they detect an increase in muscle movement.
  • These receptors send an impulse to the medulla, which sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the SAN to increase heart rate.
  • When the parasympathetic system stimulates the SAN, heart rate decreases.
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21
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone that comes from the adrenal gland, that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerves during exercise, which stimulates the SAN and results in an increase in heart rate.

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22
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

During steady state exercise your heart rate doesn’t remain the same but slowly climbs. This is known as cardiovascular drift.

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23
Q

What are 3 things that would happen to your cardiovascular system after 10minutes of steady state exercise in a warm environment?

A
  • Stroke volume decreases.
  • Arterial pressure decreases.
  • Heart rate increases.
    (Water is lost through sweat
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24
Q

What is Arterio-venous difference?

A
  • This is the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.
  • At rest the arterio-venous difference is low as not much oxygen is required by the muscles.
  • During exercise much more oxygen is needed from the blood for the muscles so the arterial-venous difference is high (also affects gaseous exchange).
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25
Q

What 6 features assist in gaseous exchange/diffusion?

A
  1. Large surface area of alveoli.
  2. Moist thin walls (one cell thick).
  3. Short distance for diffusion.
  4. Lot’s of capillaries.
  5. Large blood supply.
  6. Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration.
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26
Q

What is tidal volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out per breath.
  • It increases during exercise.
27
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath.
  • It decreases during exercise.
28
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Expiratory reserve volume is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath.
  • It slightly decreases during exercise.
29
Q

What is residual volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Residual volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.
  • It remains the same during exercise.
30
Q

What is minute ventilation and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Minute ventilation is the volume of air breathed in or put per minute.
  • It increases by a lot during exercise.
31
Q

What are the two processes that happen during gaseous exchange?

A
  • Getting oxygen in air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body.
  • The removal of carbon dioxide from the blood.
32
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Cilia are microscopic hair like projections that help to sleep away fluids and particles.

33
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A

A chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema. The main cause of emphysema is smoking. It is a long term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.

34
Q

How does smoking negatively effect our body?

A
  • It reduces lung function and increases breathlessness caused by the swelling and narrowing of the lungs airways.
  • Smoking damages bronchi and bronchioles, can cause mucus to build up in the lung passages, which leads to a smokers cough.
35
Q

What are the three factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise?

A
  • Neural control
  • Chemical control
  • Hormonal control
36
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation simply means breathing.

37
Q

How does neural and chemical factors control breathing (pulmonary ventilation) during exercise?

A

Neural control involves the brain and the nervous system and chemical control is concerned with blood acidity. Both of these work together as a team to regulate breathing.
- When blood acidity is high, the brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increase breathing.
- Pulmonary ventilation is breathing and the nervous system controls this automatically through two systems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

38
Q

Where is the respiratory centre located and what is its job?

A

The respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain and controls the rate and depth of breathing and uses both neural and chemical control.

39
Q

What is the process of regulating breathing within the body during exercise?

A
  1. The respiratory Center responds mainly to changes in blood chemistry, during exercise blood activity increases as a result of an increase in the plasma concentration of carbon dioxide and an increase in lactic acid production.
  2. These changes are detected by chemoreceptors, these are found in the carotid artery and the aortic artery. They send impulses to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until blood acidity has returned to normal.
  3. To achieve this, the respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve, this stimulates more inspiratory muscles such as the sternocleidornastoid scalene and pictorial is minor. As a result the rate, depth and rhythm of breathing will increase.
40
Q

What is the process of hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise?

A
  • Adrenaline is a natural stimulant made in the adrenal gland of the kidney.
  • It is transported in the blood and affects the nervous system.
  • Adrenaline is often referred to as the body’s activator and is released in response to exercise.
  • Just before we start exercise, the brain sends impulses to the renal glands which respond and pump adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of the increased need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
  • As a result, breathing rate increases in preparation for exercise and the demand to take in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide.
41
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A
  • Vascular shunting is the redirecting of blood flow.
  • Blood needs to be distributed differently at rest than when exercising.
42
Q

What is the process of controlling blood flow through the vasomotor centre?

A
  • The vasomotor is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain.
  • During exercise, chemical changes such as increase in carbon dioxide and lactic acid are detected by chemoreceptors.
  • The receptors will stimulate the vasomotor centre which will redistribute blood flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
43
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Vasodilation is when the blood vessel widens to increase blood flow into the capillaries.

44
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Vasoconstriction is when the blood vessels narrow to decrease blood flow.

45
Q

What is myoglobin?

A
  • Protein that binds with oxygen.
  • Found in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres (not in blood).
  • Acts as a shuttle to transport O2 from muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria.
  • Found in large quantities in slow twitch fibres.
  • Limited quantities in fast twitch fibres.
46
Q

What is the Bohr effect/ Bohr drift?

A
  • As you exercise more oxygen wants to dissociate from the haemoglobin in your red blood cells and bind to the myoglobin in the fibres of your muscles.
  • Process represented by a graph (x= partial pressure of oxygen, y= % saturation of haemoglobin).
  • Curve shifts to the right during exercise because CO2 levels increase and body temperature increases (muscles have a higher demand for oxygen).
47
Q

What are the 6 venous return mechanisms?

A
  1. The skeletal muscle pump
  2. The respiratory pump
  3. Pocket valves or Valves
  4. Smooth muscle in the walls of veins
  5. Gravity
  6. The suction pump action of the heart
48
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump and what is its function?

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape. This change in shape means that the muscles press on the nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze the blood towards the heart.

49
Q

What is the respiratory pump and what is its function?

A

When muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic (chest) and abdominal (stomach) cavities. These changes in pressure compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.

50
Q

What are Pocket valves and what is their function?

A

It is important that blood in the veins only flows in one direction. The presence of valves ensures that this happens. This is because once the blood has passed through the valves, they close to prevent the blood flowing back.

51
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.

52
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting.

53
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricle are relaxing.

54
Q

What is the equation to find out venous return?

A

Venous return= venous pressure - right atrial pressure / venous vascular resistance

55
Q

What are the 7 stages of where the air travels through the body?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli
56
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration when exercising?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostal
  • Pectoralis minor
57
Q

What muscles are used when expiration during exercise?

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominals
58
Q

What are the features that stimulate gaseous exchange/diffusion? (6 points)

A
  • Large surface area of alveoli
  • Moist thin walls (one cell thick)
  • Short distance for diffusion
  • Lots of capillaries
  • Large blood supply
  • Movement of gas from high concentration to low concentration?
59
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

During steady exercise your heart rate slowly climbs, this is know as cardiovascular drift.

60
Q

What happens during prolonged steady state exercise (at least 10 minutes in a warm environment)?

A
  1. Stroke volume and arterial pressure progressively decrease.
  2. A progressive rise in heart rate.
61
Q

What happens in the body during cardiovascular drift?

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • Stroke volume decreases
  • Fluid is lost as sweat, results in reduced plasma volume
  • Reduced venous return
  • Cardiac output increases
62
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

An arteriole is a very small blood vessel that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from your heart to your tissues and organs.

63
Q

What is A-VO2 difference?

A

This is the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles. At rest, the arterio-venous difference is low as not much oxygen is required by the muscles. But during exercise, much more oxygen is needed from the blood for the muscles so the arterio-venous difference is high.

A Level PE- Mrs Rex (6 decks)

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