Skill Flashcards
Skill
A learned action, to bring about a pre-determined result with maximum certainty and minimum effort.
Ability
Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill
Characteristics of a skill
Accurate, Controlled, Effortless, Fluent, Aesthetically Pleasing, Consistent, Economic
Muscular Recruitment
The amount of power used in a skill from muscle groups, can be a gross or fine skill
Rate of Execution
The rate of execution a skill is performed, It can be externally paced or self paced
Predictability
Open - Unpredictable/ Changing environment
Closed - Predictable, Stable Environment
Degree of Difficulty
Complex - Difficult skill with lots of decisions
Simple - Easy skill with few decisions
Organisation
High organisation- A skill that is difficult to break down into its components
Low Organisation- A skill that is easy to break down into its component parts
Continuity
Discrete - Clear start and finish
Serial - A skill made up of a series of discrete skills
Continuous - A skill with no clear start and end
Forms of Transfer
Negative transfer
Zero transfer
Bilateral transfer
Positive transfer
Positive transfer
Where the learning of one skill helps with the learning of another skill
Negative transfer
Where the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
Zero transfer
There is no affect with the learning of one skill to another
Bi-lateral transfer
The learning of a skill moves from limb to limb
Three Stages of Learning
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Cognitive Stage of Learning
Inconsistent
High level of thought required
No motor programme developed
First Stage of Learning
Associative Stage of Learning
Some consistency
Some thought takes place - not expert
Partly formed motor programme
Second stage of learning
Autonomous Stage of Learning
Consistent
Automatic - low amount of thought needed
Fully developed motor programme
Negative feedback (error correction)
Final stage of learning
Skill can now be recalled
Types of Practice
Massed, Distributed, Varied, and Mental
Massed practice
Continuous practice with no rest intervals
Distributed Practice
Practice with rest intervals
Varied practice
Changing the practice type and the practice drills
Mental Practice
Going over the skill in mind without movement
Evaluation of Massed Practice
Positive - Less tedious
Negative - No time for feedback, demanding
Evaluation of varied practice
Positive- Less tedious
Negative - Time consuming
Mental Practice Evaluation
Positive - Improves reaction time
Negative - Must be done correctly
Distributed Practice Evaluation
Positive - Allows recovery
Negative - Time consuming, Negative transfer could occur
What are the Methods of Practice?
Whole Part Whole Practice
Whole Practice
Part Progressive Practice
What is Whole Practice?
Whole practice is practicing the skill in it’s entirety
What is whole part whole practice?
Whole Part Whole practice is assessing the skill (W) , Identifying the weakness (P), and putting the skill back together (W)
What is Part Progressive Practice?
Part Progressive Practice (Chaining) is practicing the first bit of a skill then adding parts progressively
What is a learning Plateau?
A period of time where performance does not improve
What is meant by drive reduction?
A period of time where performance decreases
What are the causes of a learning plateau?
Lack of Motivation
Boredom
Coaching ability
Lack of ability
Targets too high / low
Fatigue
Many bees look towards flowers!
Solutions to a learning Plateau
Rewards
Introduce Varied practice
New coach
PPP
Smart goals
Distributed practice
What are the types of feedback?
Positive - Negative
Extrinsic - Intrinsic
Knowledge of performance - knowledge of results
Terminal - Concurrent
Types of feedback for a cognitive learner?
Knowledge of performance, Positive, Extrinsic, Terminal
Types of feedback for an autonomous learner
Negative, Intrinsic, Knowledge of Results, Concurrent
What are the 4 Types of guidance?
Verbal, Visual, Manual, Mechanical
What is meant by Visual Guidance?
Demonstrations done by an expert to provide the model of good practice, or by peers for motivation
Model to copy
Should be accurate, relevant to SOL and clear + Concise
What is meant by Verbal Guidance?
Instructions, around technique and teaching / coaching points
What is meant by Manual Guidance?
Physical Manipulation of performer, creates a kinaesthetic feel for movement
What is meant by Mechanical Guidance?
Use of equipment / Physical aids - Improves safety and confidence, allows kinaesthetic feel to be developed
What are the theories of learning?
Observational Learning
Operant Conditioning
Vygotsky ZPD / Constructivism
Insight Learning
What is Observational Learning
This theory was researched by psychologist Albert Bandura in 1977
Suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learnt through copying others
What is Bandura’s Model?
Attention
Retention
Motor Production
Motivation
What is Operant Conditioning?
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
Actions that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated
Known as the behaviourist theory because it connects stimulus to response
What are the principles of Operant Conditioning?
Trial and Error method
Manipulate the environment
Shapes the behaviour of the performer
What is an SR Bond?
Stimulant - Response Bond
Reinforced actions are strengthened and incorrect actions are weakened
What is Positive Reinforcement?
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again, this strengthens the SR bond
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Promotes correct actions being repeated by taking away any unpleasant stimuli when the performer is correct, this strengthens the SR Bond
What is meant by Punishment?
Punishment is where a coach introduces an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from being repeated, this weakens the SR Bond
How can a performer be punished?
Negative Criticism
Tangibly - red card, ban, etc
What is meant by inter - psychological learning?
Learning from others externally. The learner uses an MKO (Coach) to learn technical skills and tactical knowledge
What is meant by intra-psychological learning?
Once external advice has been absorbed, learning can take place. The learner uses cognitive functions to analyse and construct actions based on what they have learnt externally
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
When the skill is too difficult for a child to master on his/ her own, but can be done with encouragement/ guidance from a knowledgeable person
What is meant by social development?
Learning through association with others
What is the zone of achieved development?
What can already be done
What are the three stages of constructivism?
What I can do
What I can do with help
What I can’t do yet
