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PE - Section B > Skill > Flashcards

Skill Flashcards

1
Q

Skill

A

A learned action, to bring about a pre-determined result with maximum certainty and minimum effort.

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2
Q

Ability

A

Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill

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3
Q

Characteristics of a skill

A

Accurate, Controlled, Effortless, Fluent, Aesthetically Pleasing, Consistent, Economic

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4
Q

Muscular Recruitment

A

The amount of power used in a skill from muscle groups, can be a gross or fine skill

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5
Q

Rate of Execution

A

The rate of execution a skill is performed, It can be externally paced or self paced

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6
Q

Predictability

A

Open - Unpredictable/ Changing environment
Closed - Predictable, Stable Environment

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7
Q

Degree of Difficulty

A

Complex - Difficult skill with lots of decisions
Simple - Easy skill with few decisions

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8
Q

Organisation

A

High organisation- A skill that is difficult to break down into its components
Low Organisation- A skill that is easy to break down into its component parts

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9
Q

Continuity

A

Discrete - Clear start and finish
Serial - A skill made up of a series of discrete skills
Continuous - A skill with no clear start and end

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10
Q

Forms of Transfer

A

Negative transfer
Zero transfer
Bilateral transfer
Positive transfer

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11
Q

Positive transfer

A

Where the learning of one skill helps with the learning of another skill

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12
Q

Negative transfer

A

Where the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill

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13
Q

Zero transfer

A

There is no affect with the learning of one skill to another

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14
Q

Bi-lateral transfer

A

The learning of a skill moves from limb to limb

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15
Q

Three Stages of Learning

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

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16
Q

Cognitive Stage of Learning

A

Inconsistent
High level of thought required
No motor programme developed
First Stage of Learning

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17
Q

Associative Stage of Learning

A

Some consistency
Some thought takes place - not expert
Partly formed motor programme
Second stage of learning

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18
Q

Autonomous Stage of Learning

A

Consistent
Automatic - low amount of thought needed
Fully developed motor programme
Negative feedback (error correction)
Final stage of learning
Skill can now be recalled

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19
Q

Types of Practice

A

Massed, Distributed, Varied, and Mental

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20
Q

Massed practice

A

Continuous practice with no rest intervals

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21
Q

Distributed Practice

A

Practice with rest intervals

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22
Q

Varied practice

A

Changing the practice type and the practice drills

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23
Q

Mental Practice

A

Going over the skill in mind without movement

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24
Q

Evaluation of Massed Practice

A

Positive - Less tedious
Negative - No time for feedback, demanding

25
Q

Evaluation of varied practice

A

Positive- Less tedious
Negative - Time consuming

26
Q

Mental Practice Evaluation

A

Positive - Improves reaction time
Negative - Must be done correctly

27
Q

Distributed Practice Evaluation

A

Positive - Allows recovery
Negative - Time consuming, Negative transfer could occur

28
Q

What are the Methods of Practice?

A

Whole Part Whole Practice
Whole Practice
Part Progressive Practice

29
Q

What is Whole Practice?

A

Whole practice is practicing the skill in it’s entirety

30
Q

What is whole part whole practice?

A

Whole Part Whole practice is assessing the skill (W) , Identifying the weakness (P), and putting the skill back together (W)

31
Q

What is Part Progressive Practice?

A

Part Progressive Practice (Chaining) is practicing the first bit of a skill then adding parts progressively

32
Q

What is a learning Plateau?

A

A period of time where performance does not improve

33
Q

What is meant by drive reduction?

A

A period of time where performance decreases

34
Q

What are the causes of a learning plateau?

A

Lack of Motivation
Boredom
Coaching ability
Lack of ability
Targets too high / low
Fatigue

Many bees look towards flowers!

35
Q

Solutions to a learning Plateau

A

Rewards
Introduce Varied practice
New coach
PPP
Smart goals
Distributed practice

36
Q

What are the types of feedback?

A

Positive - Negative
Extrinsic - Intrinsic
Knowledge of performance - knowledge of results
Terminal - Concurrent

37
Q

Types of feedback for a cognitive learner?

A

Knowledge of performance, Positive, Extrinsic, Terminal

38
Q

Types of feedback for an autonomous learner

A

Negative, Intrinsic, Knowledge of Results, Concurrent

39
Q

What are the 4 Types of guidance?

A

Verbal, Visual, Manual, Mechanical

40
Q

What is meant by Visual Guidance?

A

Demonstrations done by an expert to provide the model of good practice, or by peers for motivation
Model to copy
Should be accurate, relevant to SOL and clear + Concise

41
Q

What is meant by Verbal Guidance?

A

Instructions, around technique and teaching / coaching points

42
Q

What is meant by Manual Guidance?

A

Physical Manipulation of performer, creates a kinaesthetic feel for movement

43
Q

What is meant by Mechanical Guidance?

A

Use of equipment / Physical aids - Improves safety and confidence, allows kinaesthetic feel to be developed

44
Q

What are the theories of learning?

A

Observational Learning
Operant Conditioning
Vygotsky ZPD / Constructivism
Insight Learning

45
Q

What is Observational Learning

A

This theory was researched by psychologist Albert Bandura in 1977
Suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learnt through copying others

46
Q

What is Bandura’s Model?

A

Attention
Retention
Motor Production
Motivation

47
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated
Actions that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated
Known as the behaviourist theory because it connects stimulus to response

48
Q

What are the principles of Operant Conditioning?

A

Trial and Error method
Manipulate the environment
Shapes the behaviour of the performer

49
Q

What is an SR Bond?

A

Stimulant - Response Bond
Reinforced actions are strengthened and incorrect actions are weakened

50
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again, this strengthens the SR bond

51
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A

Promotes correct actions being repeated by taking away any unpleasant stimuli when the performer is correct, this strengthens the SR Bond

52
Q

What is meant by Punishment?

A

Punishment is where a coach introduces an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from being repeated, this weakens the SR Bond

53
Q

How can a performer be punished?

A

Negative Criticism
Tangibly - red card, ban, etc

54
Q

What is meant by inter - psychological learning?

A

Learning from others externally. The learner uses an MKO (Coach) to learn technical skills and tactical knowledge

55
Q

What is meant by intra-psychological learning?

A

Once external advice has been absorbed, learning can take place. The learner uses cognitive functions to analyse and construct actions based on what they have learnt externally

56
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

A

When the skill is too difficult for a child to master on his/ her own, but can be done with encouragement/ guidance from a knowledgeable person

57
Q

What is meant by social development?

A

Learning through association with others

58
Q

What is the zone of achieved development?

A

What can already be done

59
Q

What are the three stages of constructivism?

A

What I can do
What I can do with help
What I can’t do yet

PE - Section B (3 decks)

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