Memory Flashcards
What are the stages of the memory system?
Input
Sensory Memory
Working Memory / STM
LTM
What is meant by selective attention?
The process of filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
Characteristics of the STSS
Temporary facility - 0.5 - 1 Seconds
Stores lots of Info
Receives info from sense organs
Filters info from selective attention
Characteristics of the STM
Can store 5-9 Items for 20-30 Seconds
Receives info from STSS
Requests motor programmes from LTM
Runs our motor programmes
Characteristics of LTM
Stored info including motor programmes
Infinite capacity and stores indefinitely
How to ensure information is stored in the long term memory
Mental Practice
Association
Focus
Chunking
Rewards
Chaining
Repitition
How should mental practice be carried out prior to performance?
Needs to go somewhere quiet
Focus on the task
Build a clear picture in their mind
Sequence the action
Imagine success
Avoid images of failure
Practice regularly
What are the 4 stages of the working memory model?
Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Episodic Buffer
Visuospatial Sketchpad
What is the central executive’s role?
The Control Centre
What is the function of the phonological loop?
Auditory senses to remember things we hear
What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Deals with visual and spatial info - navigation
What is the function of the episodic buffer?
Allows visual and auditory information to be chunked
What are the functions of the memory system?
The working memory initiates the action by sending a memory trace
Working memory has a limited capacity - approx 7 items - importance of selective attention
Important info stored in LTM as motor programme
The LTM has a large capacity to recall info for a lifetime if needed
What is meant by DCR?
Detect the stimulus
Compare to past experiences
Recognise what is relevant
What is the first stage of Whiting’s IP model?
Input (senses)
How does information travel through Whiting’s IP model?
Input (senses) - Perceptual mechanisms- Translatory Mechanisms- Effector Mechanisms- Output - Feedback
How can a coach improve the selective attention of players?
Increase the intensity of the stimulus
Increase time to react / slow down stimulus
Use of mental practice
Analysis of strengths + weaknesses
Relevant Practice
Highlight specific cues
Increase fitness levels
Train with distractions
What does each central mechanism do in the IP model?
Perceptual = Stimulus Identification Stage
Translatory = Response selection stage
Effector = Response Programming Stage
What is meant by Schema?
Storing general motor programmes that we adapt to suit our needs
What are the two types of Schema?
Recall and Recognition
What are the two stages of recall in schema?
Where am I? Initial conditions
What do I do? Response specification
What are the 2 stages of recognition in schema?
How did it feel? Sensory consequences
What was the outcome? Response outcome
What is meant by initial conditions in Schema?
Refers to the info from the sporting environment that must be recognised before the schema can be used
What is meant by response specifications in schema?
The information from the environment is used to assess the available options to the performer
What is meant by sensory consequences in schema?
Concern the use of senses to help guide the movement. Information used to control and apply the movement to the situation. How does it look and feel?
What is meant by response outcome in Schema?
The schema and indeed the motor programme can be updated by getting ‘knowledge of results’
How is response time calculated?
Reaction time + movement time
What is meant by reaction time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response
What is meant by movement time?
The time taken to complete the task
What is meant by the response time?
The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to complete a task
What are the two types of response time?
Simple and Choice
What is meant by a simple reaction time?
One stimulus and one response
What is meant by a choice reaction time?
Multiple stimuli and multiple responses available
What does Hicks Law state?
As the number of stimuli increase, so does the reaction time
What are some of the factors affecting response time?
Stage of learning
Age
Arousal levels
Fitness levels
Intensity of stimuli
What does the single channel hypothesis state?
Stimuli can only be processed one at a time, therefore a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed
What is meant by the psychological refractory period?
This explains the delay that occurs because we can only process one stimulus at a time
What is meant by anticipation?
‘The prejudging of a stimulus’
What is meant by temporal anticipation?
Prejudging when the stimulus is going to happen
What is meant by spatial anticipation?
Refers to where and what the projected stimulus are going to be
How can we improve response time?
Training specific stimuli expected in game
Improving fitness improves reaction time - Plyometrics / Interval training
Use of anticipation to predict the stimulus
