Psychological Influence On Physical Activities

Question 1

What is meant by trait theory?

Answer 1

An individual is born with innate characteristics called traits. These are stable, enduring, and stay the same in different situations

Question 2

What is meant by the social learning approach?

Answer 2

Being influenced by the environment and team culture. The process is known as socialisation

Question 3

Equation for trait theory

Answer 3

Behaviour = function (personality)

Question 4

Equation for social learning approach

Answer 4

Behaviour = function (environment)

Question 5

What is meant by the interactionist perspective?

Answer 5

A theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviours in certain situations. It suggests that the traits we are born with are adapted and used according to the situation

Question 6

What is Lewin’s Formula?

Answer 6

B = F (PxE)

Question 7

What are the 3 Parts of the Hollander approach?

Answer 7

Psychological core - the ‘real us’ remains constant
Typical Response - Response in most situations can be modified and learned
Role related behaviour- Dynamic and changeable surface of personality

Question 8

How can the interactionist perspective improve performance?

Answer 8

Can predict unacceptable or aggressive behaviours and remove player

Identify situations which make player nervous and plan for them in training

Identify aspects of behaviour that need to be changed

Question 9

What is an attitude?

Answer 9

A value of belief towards an attitude object

Question 10

How are attitudes formed? (4)

Answer 10

Past experiences
Socialisation
Conditioning
Familiarity / Frequent Exposure

Question 11

What is the Triadic Model?

Answer 11

Cognitive - What do I know? Knowledge + Beliefs
Affective - How do I feel? Feelings and emotions
Behavioural - What do I do? Intended behaviour

Question 12

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

Answer 12

The process of creating unease by providing new information to cause change

Question 13

What is the 3 step model for cognitive dissonance?

Answer 13

Creating a feeling of psychological unease / Disharmony

Through putting pressure and challenging beliefs through new information

The performer will change one of the components, so attitudes are aligned, and the discomfort is resolved

Question 14

What is meant by persuasive communication?

Answer 14

Performers may be talked into changing their attitudes, however it has to be language rather than talk because a lot of performers can be resistant to change

Question 15

Factors when communicating to someone to affect attitude change

Answer 15

Who is it coming from? expert / high status
What is relevant to the person?
When is it given?
Where does it take place?

Performer has to want to change!!!

Question 16

What is meant by arousal?

Answer 16

A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform

Question 17

What is meant by the Inverted U theory?

Answer 17

States that increased arousal improves performance up to an optimal point. Arousal levels higher or lower negatively impact performance

Question 18

Factors impacting optimal arousal?

Answer 18

Stage of learning
Personality
Skill - Gross / Fine

Question 19

What is meant by drive theory?

Answer 19

‘As arousal increases, so does performance.’ Represented as P=F (DxH)

Question 20

What is a dominant response?

Answer 20

Our dominant response is habits that we have, and rely on them in pressure scenarios

Question 21

How does arousal increase dominant response?

Answer 21

As arousal increases, the intensity of our dominant response increases

Question 22

What is meant by catastrophe theory?

Answer 22

Suggests that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic decline in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal point

Question 23

What is meant by Somatic Anxiety?

Answer 23

Physiological and includes muscular tension, Increased HR and Butterflies

Question 24

What is meant by Cognitive Anxiety?

Answer 24

Psychological, and includes loss of concentration, fear, doubt and worrying about performance

Question 25

What is the Zone of Optimal Functioning (Hanin)

Answer 25

This Theory suggests the optimal zone of arousal for athletes varies from high to low levels which place them in a zone

The zone is an area every athlete tries to reach for high performance

Question 26

What is meant by the peak flow experience?

Answer 26

An extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone - Ultimate intrinsic experience, characterised by the belief in the ability to complete and challenge clear goals

Question 27

What is meant by the peak flow experience?

Answer 27

An extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone - Ultimate intrinsic experience, characterised by the belief in the ability to complete and challenge clear goals

Question 28

What are the impacts of under arousal?

Answer 28

Poor selective attention / missing cues
Lack of concentration
Slower reaction time
Attentional Wastage - Focusing on irrelevant cues
Fail to reach zone of optimal functioning

Question 29

What are the impacts of under arousal?

Answer 29

Poor selective attention / missing cues
Lack of concentration
Slower reaction time
Attentional Wastage - Focusing on irrelevant cues
Fail to reach zone of optimal functioning

Question 30

What are the impacts of over arousal?

Answer 30

Attention Narrowing
Lack of Co-Ordination
Anxiety - Cognitive + Somatic
Evaluation Apprehension- Fear of being judged
Social inhibition - anxiety due to others being present
Poor selective attention

Question 31

What are the characteristics of aggression in sport?

Answer 31

Intent to harm
Outside the rules
Reactive
Out of control
Deliberate and hostile

Question 32

What are the characteristics of assertion in sport?

Answer 32

No intent to harm
Generally within the rules
Goal directed
Controlled
Well motivated

Question 33

What are the 4 theories to explain aggression?

Answer 33

Instinct theory
Frustration - aggression hypothesis
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Social learning theory

Question 34

Outline what is meant by the instinct theory (AO1)

Answer 34

An evolutionary theory which suggests that all athletes are born with an aggressive instinct that will surface under provocation - Claims humans retain ritualistic aggressive animal instincts that surface under threat

Question 35

Outline what is meant by the frustration aggression hypothesis (AO1)

Answer 35

Suggests inevitable aggression occurs when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated

Built up frustration can be reduced if an aggressive act is initiated by the performer - this is known as catharsis

Question 36

Outline what is meant by the aggressive cue hypothesis (AO1)

Answer 36

Theory suggests that increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards aggressive responses when presented with a specific cue.

Aggressive responses will only occur if certain learned cues are present

Question 37

Outline what is meant by the social learning theory of aggression (AO1)

Answer 37

Theory states that aggression is a learnt response, it can be copied by others and learnt through socialisation
- Identify
- Reinforce
- Copy

Question 38

What are some strategies to promote assertive behaviour?

Answer 38

Punish aggressive acts - fines etc
Remove from situation - substitution / change position
Give role of responsibility e.g captaincy
Go through stress management techniques e.g thought stopping