Psychological Influence On Physical Activities Flashcards
1
Q
What is meant by trait theory?
A
An individual is born with innate characteristics called traits. These are stable, enduring, and stay the same in different situations
2
Q
What is meant by the social learning approach?
A
Being influenced by the environment and team culture. The process is known as socialisation
3
Q
Equation for trait theory
A
Behaviour = function (personality)
4
Q
Equation for social learning approach
A
Behaviour = function (environment)
5
Q
What is meant by the interactionist perspective?
A
A theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviours in certain situations. It suggests that the traits we are born with are adapted and used according to the situation
6
Q
What is Lewin’s Formula?
A
B = F (PxE)
7
Q
What are the 3 Parts of the Hollander approach?
A
Psychological core - the ‘real us’ remains constant
Typical Response - Response in most situations can be modified and learned
Role related behaviour- Dynamic and changeable surface of personality
8
Q
How can the interactionist perspective improve performance?
A
Can predict unacceptable or aggressive behaviours and remove player
Identify situations which make player nervous and plan for them in training
Identify aspects of behaviour that need to be changed
9
Q
What is an attitude?
A
A value of belief towards an attitude object
10
Q
How are attitudes formed? (4)
A
Past experiences
Socialisation
Conditioning
Familiarity / Frequent Exposure
11
Q
What is the Triadic Model?
A
Cognitive - What do I know? Knowledge + Beliefs
Affective - How do I feel? Feelings and emotions
Behavioural - What do I do? Intended behaviour
12
Q
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
A
The process of creating unease by providing new information to cause change
13
Q
What is the 3 step model for cognitive dissonance?
A
Creating a feeling of psychological unease / Disharmony
Through putting pressure and challenging beliefs through new information
The performer will change one of the components, so attitudes are aligned, and the discomfort is resolved
14
Q
What is meant by persuasive communication?
A
Performers may be talked into changing their attitudes, however it has to be language rather than talk because a lot of performers can be resistant to change
15
Q
Factors when communicating to someone to affect attitude change
A
Who is it coming from? expert / high status
What is relevant to the person?
When is it given?
Where does it take place?
Performer has to want to change!!!
16
Q
What is meant by arousal?
A
A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform
17
Q
What is meant by the Inverted U theory?
A
States that increased arousal improves performance up to an optimal point. Arousal levels higher or lower negatively impact performance
18
Q
Factors impacting optimal arousal?
A
Stage of learning
Personality
Skill - Gross / Fine
19
Q
What is meant by drive theory?
A
‘As arousal increases, so does performance.’ Represented as P=F (DxH)
20
Q
What is a dominant response?
A
Our dominant response is habits that we have, and rely on them in pressure scenarios
21
Q
How does arousal increase dominant response?
A
As arousal increases, the intensity of our dominant response increases
22
Q
What is meant by catastrophe theory?
A
Suggests that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic decline in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal point
23
Q
What is meant by Somatic Anxiety?
A
Physiological and includes muscular tension, Increased HR and Butterflies
24
Q
What is meant by Cognitive Anxiety?
A
Psychological, and includes loss of concentration, fear, doubt and worrying about performance
25
What is the Zone of Optimal Functioning (Hanin)
This Theory suggests the optimal zone of arousal for athletes varies from high to low levels which place them in a zone
The zone is an area every athlete tries to reach for high performance
26
What is meant by the peak flow experience?
An extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone - Ultimate intrinsic experience, characterised by the belief in the ability to complete and challenge clear goals
27
What is meant by the peak flow experience?
An extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone - Ultimate intrinsic experience, characterised by the belief in the ability to complete and challenge clear goals
28
What are the impacts of under arousal?
Poor selective attention / missing cues
Lack of concentration
Slower reaction time
Attentional Wastage - Focusing on irrelevant cues
Fail to reach zone of optimal functioning
29
What are the impacts of under arousal?
Poor selective attention / missing cues
Lack of concentration
Slower reaction time
Attentional Wastage - Focusing on irrelevant cues
Fail to reach zone of optimal functioning
30
What are the impacts of over arousal?
Attention Narrowing
Lack of Co-Ordination
Anxiety - Cognitive + Somatic
Evaluation Apprehension- Fear of being judged
Social inhibition - anxiety due to others being present
Poor selective attention
31
What are the characteristics of aggression in sport?
Intent to harm
Outside the rules
Reactive
Out of control
Deliberate and hostile
32
What are the characteristics of assertion in sport?
No intent to harm
Generally within the rules
Goal directed
Controlled
Well motivated
33
What are the 4 theories to explain aggression?
Instinct theory
Frustration - aggression hypothesis
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Social learning theory
34
Outline what is meant by the instinct theory (AO1)
An evolutionary theory which suggests that all athletes are born with an aggressive instinct that will surface under provocation - Claims humans retain ritualistic aggressive animal instincts that surface under threat
35
Outline what is meant by the frustration aggression hypothesis (AO1)
Suggests inevitable aggression occurs when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated
Built up frustration can be reduced if an aggressive act is initiated by the performer - this is known as catharsis
36
Outline what is meant by the aggressive cue hypothesis (AO1)
Theory suggests that increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards aggressive responses when presented with a specific cue.
Aggressive responses will only occur if certain learned cues are present
37
Outline what is meant by the social learning theory of aggression (AO1)
Theory states that aggression is a learnt response, it can be copied by others and learnt through socialisation
- Observe
- Identify
- Reinforce
- Copy
38
What are some strategies to promote assertive behaviour?
Punish aggressive acts - fines etc
Remove from situation - substitution / change position
Give role of responsibility e.g captaincy
Go through stress management techniques e.g thought stopping
39
What is meant by anxiety in sport?
A state of nervousness, a negative response to a threatening sporting situation
40
What is meant by cognitive anxiety?
Psychological responses, mental symptoms e.g negative thoughts and worries of a performer who doubts their ability to complete a task
41
What is meant by somatic anxiety?
Physiological responses, such as increased heart rate and sweating
42
What is competitive state anxiety?
When a player has a nervous response to specific sporting situations
43
What is competitive trait anxiety?
When a player feels nerves before most games, caused by a disposition to suffer from nervousness as part of their genetic makeup
44
How can anxiety be measured?
Questionnaires
Observations
Physiological testing
45
How can questionnaires measure anxiety?
Self - report questionnaires such as the SCAT test are devised to measure anxiety in sporting situations, where performers rate their anxiety across situations
46
What are some strengths of questionnaires?
- Cheap and efficient
- Can be organised quickly
- Provide objective data
- Large amounts of data can be collected quickly
47
What are some limitations of questionnaires?
- People may not be truthful when answering
- Responses given may be affected by environmental factors
- We may not understand some questions
48
How can observations be used to measure anxiety?
Performer's behaviour is observed and analysed, looking for signs of anxiety
49
What are some strengths of observations?
Carried out when a performer is in an environment natural to them
50
What are some drawbacks of observations?
- Very subjective
- Time consuming
- Performers may change behaviour as they are aware they are being observed
51
How can physiological testing be used to measure anxiety?
Generate factual data on somatic measures such as heart rate and blood pressure. Data can be taken immediately during performance
52
Strengths of physiological testing
- Provides objective and factual data
- Carried out in a natural training environment
53
Limitations of physiological testing
- Athletes wearing equipment which may restrict movement
- Equipment may be expensive
- Performer is aware they are being monitored
- Not all changes are due to anxiety e.g heart rate
54
What is meant by achievement motivation?
How much desire a person has to succeed - A desire to succeed or a fear of failure
55
What is meant by a NACH performer?
Need to achieve
Welcome feedback + evaluation
Take risks
Display approach behaviours
56
What is meant by a NAF performer?
Need to avoid failure
Give up easily
Display avoidance behaviour
Do not like feedback + evaluation
57
What is approach behaviours?
Having the competitive drive to persist and achieve success
58
What are avoid behaviours?
Steering clear of situations where evaluation may take place
59
What type of task will a nach approach?
High incentive value with a low probability of success
60
What type of task will a naf approach?
Low incentive value with a high probability of success
61
How can a NAF be turned into a NACH?
Reinforcement
Ensure performer attributes success internally
- Allow success at training
- Increase confidence through drills
- Use goal setting to ensure appropriate goals
62
What is meant by achievement goal theory?
Suggest motivation and task persistence depend on the type of goals set out by the performer and how they measure success
63
What are the two types of goal (achievement goal)
Outcome goals and task orientated goals
64
What is meant by an outcome goal (achievement goal theory)
Doesn't matter how a goal is reached, as long as it is reached
Provides satisfaction but if unsuccessful it lowers confidence + motivation
65
What is meant by a task orientated goal (achievement goal theory)
Regardless of result confidence can be maintained through use of performance and process goals
66
What are the 4 stages in Tuckman's model of group performance?
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
67
What happens during the forming stage?
- Group members initially get together
- Roles and responsibilities are unclear
- Members start to work together
- Members decide if they fit in with the team
68
What happens during the storming stage?
- Many teams fail at this stage because there is conflict
- Competition for places / positions
- Boundaries are pushed as positions of authority are challenged
- Goal is unclear or questioned
69
What happens during the norming stage?
- Conflicts are resolved
- Goal is clarified
- Greater commitment to achieving goal
- Authority figures respected
- Group cohesion develops - both task and social
70
What happens during the performing stage?
- Players interact effectively
- Full commitment to achieving team goals
- Individual roles and responsibilities are completely understood
71
What is meant by task cohesion?
Individuals working together in order to achieve an end result
72
What is meant by social cohesion?
Individuals relating to each other to interact in the group. May involve a degree of trust and socialising away from the game/ training
73
What are the two types of cohesion in sport?
Co - action and interaction
74
What is meant by co - action?
Same action at the same time e.g rowing
75
What is meant by interaction?
Reacting to other players movements e.g rugby
76
What is Steiner's model of group productivity?
Actual productivity = potential productivity - faulty group processes
77
What are faulty group processes?
The factors that can prevent a team reaching its true potential
78
What are the two types of faulty group processes?
Motivational and Co-ordinational
79
What are motivational faulty group processes?
Down to motivation and effort, as well as factors such as social loafing and the Ringelmann effect
80
What are Co-ordinational faulty group processes?
Lack of instructions, incorrect tactics, role mistakes
81
What is the Ringelmann effect?
As group size increases, individual effort decreases
82
What is social loafing?
When players lower the effort they contribute to the team. Occurs when they feel undervalued or that input isn't noticed
83
Strategies to avoid social loafing
- Ensure players are recognised and rewarded
- Give players roles which increase accountability
- Use of statistics
- Goal setting
- Ensure players are fit and conditioned
84
Causes of social loafing
- Lack of confidence
- Negative attitude
- Poor leadership (captain/manager)
- Lack of fitness
- Goals may be too general
85
What are the three leadership styles?
Autocratic (Task orientated)
Democratic ( Person orientated)
Laissez - Faire
86
Describe an autocratic leader
Leader makes all decisions and dictates the group
87
Describe a democratic leader
Leader adopts a more sympathetic approach - decisions are made by group using consultation
88
Describe a laissez faire leader
Leader does very little and the group have control over conduct and decisions
89
What is meant by an emergent leader?
Group approval/ elected by team
90
What is a prescribed leader?
Appointed by external authority to lead the group
91
What are situational characteristics in chelludurai's model?
Risk, Event Importance, Group size, Time, and skill continua
92
What are the leader characteristics in chelludurai's model?
Personality types - Introvert/extrovert, emergent/prescribed, experience of leader
93
What are the member characteristics in Chelludarai's model?
Stage of learning, Nach/Naf, Gender, Personality, Age
94
What is required behaviour in chelludarai's model?
Behaviour which is determined by the situation
95
What is preferred behaviour in chelludarai's model?
The performer's ideal behaviour of the leader
96
What is actual behaviour in chelludarai's model?
The leader's action towards the performer
97
What is meant by goal setting?
Goal setting is a strategy widely used in sports since it has a number of benefits for the performer
98
What are some benefits of goal setting?
Increases motivation - performers are more task persistent
Increases self satisfaction and pride
Improving confidence - increases skill level and results
Regulating + sustained effort - as a performer continues to strive to meet their goal their effort will be sustained
Focuses attention / reduces a learning plateau
99
What is confidence?
A belief in the ability to master a task
100
What is trait confidence?
A consistent level of confidence is shown in most to all situations. Concerned with how an athlete rates their ability to perform across a wide range of sports
101
What is state confidence?
Refers to a specific situation, such as taking a penalty. Confidence may be temporary and can vary based on experience and personality. Concerned with how a performer rates their ability to perform in a particular moment
102
What is self efficacy?
A belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation
103
What are the four components of Bandura's model of self efficacy?
Performance accomplishments
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal
104
How do performance accomplishments increase self efficacy?
Influenced by your past experiences and this can be enhanced not only through winning but also through enjoyment
105
How do vicarious experiences increase self efficacy?
If we see a peer or somebody else perform a skill, it increases our belief that we are also capable of performing the skill
106
How does verbal persuasion increase self efficacy?
Reinforcement makes us believe we can perform the skill, and this is even more powerful if it comes from an MKO.
107
How does emotional arousal increase self efficacy?
Optimal levels of arousal are needed for high levels of self efficacy.
108
Strategies to improve self efficacy
Allow success during training
Set attainable goals
Point out successful performances
and techniques
Watch successful demonstrations by a role model
Control arousal using stress management
109
What is meant by home field advantage?
The idea that a team has a competitive advantage when playing at home
110
What are some positives of home field advantage
-Improved self efficacy
- Lower anxiety
- More aggressive / attacking play style
- Proximity effect on away team
-
111
What are some negatives of home field advantage?
- Increased pressure from a crowd
- 'Choke effect'
- Players may be more anxious
- Evaluation apprehension for home team
- Away team may rise to the challenge
112
What is meant by attribution?
The perceived reason for success or failure
113
What is an internal and stable factor affecting success?
Ability
114
What is an internal and unstable factor affecting success?
Effort
115
What is an external and stable factor affecting success?
Opposition
116
What is an external and unstable factor affecting success
Luck
117
What is meant by learned helplessness?
A belief that failure is inevitable
118
What is general learned helplessness?
Where you think you can't succeed in a sport as a whole
119
What is specific learned helplessness?
Relates to one skill
120
What is the impact of learned helplessness?
Perceives failure as inevitable
No control over the situation
Displaying avoidance behaviour
121
Strategies to avoid learned helplessness
Performance accomplishments
Vicarious experience
Control emotional arousal
Ensure success / gradually increase difficulty
Set SMARTER goals
Attribution retraining
122
What is meant by social inhibition?
The negative influence of an audience on performance
123
What is meant by social facilitation?
The positive influence of an audience on performers
124
What are the 4 types of others?
The audience - those spectating
The co actors - teammates or those performing the same task
The competitors - competitive co-actors in direct competition
Social reinforcers - Coach, parents etc
125
Which 'others' are passive?
Audience and co actors
126
Which 'others' are interactive?
Competitors and social reinforcers
127
What is evaluation apprehension?
The perceived fear of being judged
128
Strategies to reduce social inhibition
- Ensuring skill is well learnt
- Stress management techniques
- Train in front of others
- Improve selective attention
- Mental rehearsal / imagery
129
What are the two types of stress in sport?
Cognitive and Somatic
130
What are some examples of stressors?
Injuries
Playing in an important game
Playing a team perceived as better
Planning to gain reward / money
131
What are some examples of stress management techniques (cognitive)?
Thought stopping
Positive self talk
Imagery
Visualisation
Mental rehearsal
Cue utilisation
Psychological skill training
132
What are some examples of stress management techniques (somatic)?
Biofeedback
Progressive muscle relaxation
Centring
133
What is thought stopping?
Re-focusing negative thoughts using an action
134
What is positive self talk?
The use of positive language to manage anxiety
135
What is imagery?
Recreating a successful picture and emotional feeling of a successful action
136
