Psychological Influence On Physical Activities Flashcards
What is meant by trait theory?
An individual is born with innate characteristics called traits. These are stable, enduring, and stay the same in different situations
What is meant by the social learning approach?
Being influenced by the environment and team culture. The process is known as socialisation
Equation for trait theory
Behaviour = function (personality)
Equation for social learning approach
Behaviour = function (environment)
What is meant by the interactionist perspective?
A theory which combines trait and social learning to predict behaviours in certain situations. It suggests that the traits we are born with are adapted and used according to the situation
What is Lewin’s Formula?
B = F (PxE)
What are the 3 Parts of the Hollander approach?
Psychological core - the ‘real us’ remains constant
Typical Response - Response in most situations can be modified and learned
Role related behaviour- Dynamic and changeable surface of personality
How can the interactionist perspective improve performance?
Can predict unacceptable or aggressive behaviours and remove player
Identify situations which make player nervous and plan for them in training
Identify aspects of behaviour that need to be changed
What is an attitude?
A value of belief towards an attitude object
How are attitudes formed? (4)
Past experiences
Socialisation
Conditioning
Familiarity / Frequent Exposure
What is the Triadic Model?
Cognitive - What do I know? Knowledge + Beliefs
Affective - How do I feel? Feelings and emotions
Behavioural - What do I do? Intended behaviour
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
The process of creating unease by providing new information to cause change
What is the 3 step model for cognitive dissonance?
Creating a feeling of psychological unease / Disharmony
Through putting pressure and challenging beliefs through new information
The performer will change one of the components, so attitudes are aligned, and the discomfort is resolved
What is meant by persuasive communication?
Performers may be talked into changing their attitudes, however it has to be language rather than talk because a lot of performers can be resistant to change
Factors when communicating to someone to affect attitude change
Who is it coming from? expert / high status
What is relevant to the person?
When is it given?
Where does it take place?
Performer has to want to change!!!
What is meant by arousal?
A level of activation, a degree of readiness to perform
What is meant by the Inverted U theory?
States that increased arousal improves performance up to an optimal point. Arousal levels higher or lower negatively impact performance
Factors impacting optimal arousal?
Stage of learning
Personality
Skill - Gross / Fine
What is meant by drive theory?
‘As arousal increases, so does performance.’ Represented as P=F (DxH)
What is a dominant response?
Our dominant response is habits that we have, and rely on them in pressure scenarios
How does arousal increase dominant response?
As arousal increases, the intensity of our dominant response increases
What is meant by catastrophe theory?
Suggests that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point but there is a dramatic decline in performance when arousal increases beyond the optimal point
What is meant by Somatic Anxiety?
Physiological and includes muscular tension, Increased HR and Butterflies
What is meant by Cognitive Anxiety?
Psychological, and includes loss of concentration, fear, doubt and worrying about performance
What is the Zone of Optimal Functioning (Hanin)
This Theory suggests the optimal zone of arousal for athletes varies from high to low levels which place them in a zone
The zone is an area every athlete tries to reach for high performance
What is meant by the peak flow experience?
An extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone - Ultimate intrinsic experience, characterised by the belief in the ability to complete and challenge clear goals
What is meant by the peak flow experience?
An extension of the feelings and performance levels experienced in the zone - Ultimate intrinsic experience, characterised by the belief in the ability to complete and challenge clear goals
What are the impacts of under arousal?
Poor selective attention / missing cues
Lack of concentration
Slower reaction time
Attentional Wastage - Focusing on irrelevant cues
Fail to reach zone of optimal functioning
What are the impacts of under arousal?
Poor selective attention / missing cues
Lack of concentration
Slower reaction time
Attentional Wastage - Focusing on irrelevant cues
Fail to reach zone of optimal functioning
What are the impacts of over arousal?
Attention Narrowing
Lack of Co-Ordination
Anxiety - Cognitive + Somatic
Evaluation Apprehension- Fear of being judged
Social inhibition - anxiety due to others being present
Poor selective attention
What are the characteristics of aggression in sport?
Intent to harm
Outside the rules
Reactive
Out of control
Deliberate and hostile
What are the characteristics of assertion in sport?
No intent to harm
Generally within the rules
Goal directed
Controlled
Well motivated
What are the 4 theories to explain aggression?
Instinct theory
Frustration - aggression hypothesis
Aggressive cue hypothesis
Social learning theory
Outline what is meant by the instinct theory (AO1)
An evolutionary theory which suggests that all athletes are born with an aggressive instinct that will surface under provocation - Claims humans retain ritualistic aggressive animal instincts that surface under threat
Outline what is meant by the frustration aggression hypothesis (AO1)
Suggests inevitable aggression occurs when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated
Built up frustration can be reduced if an aggressive act is initiated by the performer - this is known as catharsis
Outline what is meant by the aggressive cue hypothesis (AO1)
Theory suggests that increased frustration will lead to increased arousal levels and a drive towards aggressive responses when presented with a specific cue.
Aggressive responses will only occur if certain learned cues are present
Outline what is meant by the social learning theory of aggression (AO1)
Theory states that aggression is a learnt response, it can be copied by others and learnt through socialisation
- Identify
- Reinforce
- Copy
What are some strategies to promote assertive behaviour?
Punish aggressive acts - fines etc
Remove from situation - substitution / change position
Give role of responsibility e.g captaincy
Go through stress management techniques e.g thought stopping
