Skeleton & Joints

Question 1

What are some functions of bones & skeletons ?

Answer 1

• provides structural support
• protects internal organs
• home to bone marrow
• acts a mineral store
• underpins movement by attachment to muscles via tendons

Question 2

What are the classification of bones ?

Answer 2

Long, Flat, Irregular & short

Question 3

What is the axial skeleton ?

Answer 3

• long axis of the body –> skull, spine & ribcage
• appendicular skeleton - bones of all limbs & girdles that join them

Question 4

What are skeletal girdles ?

Answer 4

• clavicle & pelvis

Question 5

What are the bones of the skull ?

Answer 5

frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital & ethmoid

Question 6

What are the 3 groups of vertebrae ?

Answer 6

1. Cervical Vertebrae - C1-C7
2. Thoracic vertebrae -T1-T12
3. lumbar vertebrae - L1-L5

Question 7

What are the bones of the upper limb from top to bottom ?

Answer 7

• clavicle
• scapula
• humerus
• radius
• ulna
• carpus = small bones that make up base of hand
• metacarpus
• phalanges

Question 8

What are the bones of the lower limb from top to bottom ?

Answer 8

• femur
• patella
• tibia
• fibula

Question 9

What are the 2 types of bone tissue ?

Answer 9

• spongy & compact

Question 10

Define spongy bone tissue

Answer 10

inner bone & porous

Question 11

Define compact bone tissue

Answer 11

outer bone & rigid

Question 12

What are the 2 main cells of the bone tissues ?

Answer 12

Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts

Question 13

Describe Osteoblasts

Answer 13

responsible for the production of bone proteins such as collagen 1

Question 14

Describe Osteoclasts

Answer 14

responsible for remodelling bone - helps maintain structural integrity

Question 15

Describe Bone Marrow

Answer 15

• contains stem cells and is involved in the production of ; RBC, WBC & platelets

Question 16

What are the 3 subcategories of the Mesoderm ?

Answer 16

1. Intermediate mesoderm
2. Paraxial mesoderm
3. Lateral Plate Mesoderm

Question 17

What does the intermediate mesoderm develop into ?

Answer 17

kidneys & gonads

Question 18

What can the paraxial mesoderm develop into ?

Answer 18

cartilage, skeeltal muscles & dermis

Question 19

What does the Lateral plate mesoderm develop into ?

Answer 19

heart, circulatory system, spleen & gut wall

Question 20

Define Osteogenesis

Answer 20

• begins between weeks 6/7 of embryonic development & continues into adulthood
• 2 types of bone ossification = intramembranous & endochondrial

Question 21

Describe Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 21

1. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centres
2. osteoblasts become trapped by osteoid the secrete, transforming them to osteocytes
3. cortical bone forms superficially to trabecular bone
4. blood vessels form red marrow

Question 22

Define Tendons

Answer 22

a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen that connects a muscle to a bone

Question 23

Define ligaments

Answer 23

a tough band of tissue that holds bones or organs in position

Question 24

What are some examples of Synovial Joints ?

Answer 24

• pivot
• hinge
• ball & socket
• saddle

Question 25

Describe Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 25

• colourless/transparent
• protects from bone-on-bone friction
• avascular - difficult to repair when damaged

Question 26

Describe Osteoporosis

Answer 26

• loss of bone mass
• typically seen in post-menopausal women
• causes weakened bones that are more susceptible to injury

Question 27

Describe Pagets Disease

Answer 27

• metabolic bone disease
• effects middle aged people & mainly Europeans
• excessive bone resorption - leads to weakened deformed bones