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Anatomy & Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the digestive system ?

A
  1. Digestive tract (30-40 m)
  2. accessory organs
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2
Q

What are some examples of accessory organs ?

A
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder
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3
Q

What are the key functions of the GI tract?

A
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • storage & elimination
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4
Q

Describe the digestive tract histology

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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5
Q

Describe the Mucosa

A
  • innermost layer
  • contains the epithelial cells important in lubrication & absorption
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6
Q

Describe the Submucosa

A
  • contains support network blood vessels & immune cells to keep mucosa healthy
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7
Q

Describe the muscularis

A
  • contains muscles necessary for peristalsis
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8
Q

Describe the Serosa

A
  • the outermost layer which allows GI tract to interact with other tissues around it
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9
Q

What are some of the different ways food moves through the GI tract?

A
  • ingestion
  • mastication
  • deglutition
  • peristalsis
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10
Q

Define Ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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11
Q

Define Deglutition

A

swallowing food

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12
Q

Define Peristalsis

A
  • rhythmic wave-like contractions that move food through GI tract
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13
Q

Describe the process of the wave-like contractions of peristalsis

A
  • circular smooth muscle contract behind, relaxes un front of bolus
  • followed by shortening of smooth muscle
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14
Q

Define reverse peristalsis

A
  • vomiting
  • causes bolus to move in the opposite direction
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of secretions secreted by the GI tract ?

A
  • Exocrine - lipase, pepsin, amylase
  • Endocrine - gastrin, secretin
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16
Q

What are the 4 different categories of digestive enzymes ?

A
  1. Carbohydrases
  2. proteases/peptidases
  3. Lipases
  4. Nucleases
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17
Q

Why are some enzymes synthesised as inactive precursors ?

A

if they produced inside the cell this would lead to autolysis (self digestion)

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18
Q

How are digestive enzymes that are secreted inactive activated ?

A
  • via cleavage or 1 or a few specific peptide bonds
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19
Q

What are the 3 types of peritoneum ?

A
  1. Visceral = covers organs
  2. Parietal = covers interior surface of body wall
  3. Retroparietal = behind peritoneum as kidneys, pancreas and duodenum
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20
Q

Define Mesenteries

A
  • routes which vessels & nerves pass from body wall to organs
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21
Q

Define the Greater Omentum

A

Apron-like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine & transverse colon - a site of fat deposition in people who are overweight

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22
Q

Describe the Lesser Omentum

A

Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver
- provides pathway for structure to the liver

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23
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • parotid - 25%
  • Submandibular - 70%
  • Sublingual - 5%
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24
Q

What are the properties of Saliva ?

A
  • 99.5% water
  • salivary amylase & lysozyme
  • electrolytes
  • pH 6.8-7
25
Q

What are the functions of saliva ?

A
  • cleansing of mouth - prevents bacterial infection
  • lubrication, mucus = aids swallowing
  • facilitation of taste
  • aids in speech
26
Q

What are the 3 phases of Deglutition ?

A
  • voluntary
  • pharyngeal
  • oesophageal
27
Q

Describe the Oesophagus

A
  • muscular tube
  • 10 inches long in adults
  • moves food to stomach
  • no absorption
  • food is propelled via peristalsis
  • major layers = mucosa, submucosa, muscular
28
Q

What are the 5 regions of the stomach ?

A
  • cardiac
  • fundus
  • body
  • antrum/pyloric
29
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach ?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
30
Q

What are the 3 sub layers of the muscularis ?

A
  • longitudinal
  • circular
  • oblique
31
Q

What are Rugae ?

A
  • folds in stomach lining to increase surface area with the lumen
32
Q

What are the functions of the stomach ?

A
  • disinfection via acidic conditions
  • digestion
  • mechanical breakdown via churning
  • disruption via acidic environment breaking chemical bonds
33
Q

What Gastric pits ?

A

opening for gastric glands

34
Q

What are the 3 phases involved in gastric acid secretion & regulation ?

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
35
Q

Describe the Cephalic Phase

A
  • stimuli = sight/smell/taste/chewing
  • pathway = parasympathetic nerves
  • effect = increased HCI secretion
36
Q

Describe the Gastric Phase

A
  • stimuli = distention, pH
  • pathway = gastrin, long, short neural reflexes
  • effect = increased HCl secretion
37
Q

Describe the Intestinal Phase

A
  • stimuli = distension, pH, osmolarity
  • pathway = secretin, CCK, short neural reflexes
  • effect = decreased HCl secretion
38
Q

Describes the Movement in stomach

A
  • controlled pacemaker cell in longitudinal muscle layer
  • swallowing centre signals stomach to relax
  • arrriving food stretches the stomach activating a receptive-relaxtiong response –> resists stretching briefly but relaxes to hold more food
39
Q

Describe the structure of the small intestine

A
  • 4 layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
  • 6m long
  • 3 sections - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • Ileocecal valve = where ileum connects to colon
  • contains plicae circulares & intestinal vili
40
Q

Define Plicae Circulares

A
  • the permanent spiral or circular folds in the lining of the small intestine
41
Q

What cells are present in the Mucosa of the small intestine ?

A
  • absorptive, goblet, granular , endocrine
42
Q

What is the function of intestinal stem cells ?

A

replace lost or damaged intestinal cells

43
Q

What is the function of Paneth Cells ?

A

involved in intestinal defence

44
Q

What is the function of goblet cells ?

A

produce lubricating mucus

45
Q

What is the function of Enterocytes?

A

absorbs nutrients

46
Q

What does the small intestine secrete ?

A
  • mucus
  • digestive enzymes = peptidases/nucleases
47
Q

Define Chyme

A
  • acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine
48
Q

What are the steps of Intestinal Motility ?

A
  1. mixes chyme with intestinal juice & bile
  2. churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa
  3. move residue towards large intestine - segmentation occurs
49
Q

What is the gastroileal reflex ?

A
  • relaxing of valve & filling of cecum
50
Q

Describe the Vermiform Appendix ?

A
  • wormlike sac
  • vestigial structure
51
Q

Describe the structure of the large intestine

A
  • 5 feet long
  • horseshoe shaped
  • begins as cecum & appendix in lower right corner
  • sluggish movements - transit time 12/24 hours
52
Q

Describe the histology of the large intestine

A
  • mucosa is simple columnar epithelial
  • no circular folds or vili to increase SA
  • intestinal crypts produce mucus only
53
Q

What are the 2 sections of the pancreas ?

A
  • exocrine - secretes pancreatic juice - Acing cells
  • endocrine - secretes insulin & glucagon - B-Islet cells
54
Q

What is the importance of the Pancreas ?

A
  • inactivates pepsin
  • prevents acid-pepsin damage
  • increase solubility of bile acids & fatty acids
55
Q

Define Zymogen

A
  • an inactive precursor of an enzyme
56
Q

How are the majority of pancreatic enzymes produced ?

A

as zymogens (inactive )

57
Q

What is the importance of Trypsin activation in the duodenum ?

A
  • initiates the activation of multiple zymogens with roles in digestion
58
Q

What are the key functions of the liver?

A
  • bile production
  • storage
  • detoxification
  • phagocytosis
  • synthesis
59
Q

What is the function of bile ?

A
  • have hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions
    -hydrophobic areas allow to interact with the fat droplet & hydrophilic area allow them to interact
  • allows them to break ft droplets into small bile salt coated droplets called micelles

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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