SKELETON + BONE + JOINT + MUSCLE Flashcards
The human skeleton is divided into ?
- axial skeleton
- appendicular
Parts of axial skeleton
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
- vertebral column
Parts of appendicular skeleton
- Bones of upper limb plus shoulder girdle
- bones of lower limb plus pelvic girdle
Structure of vertebral column
- seven cervical vertebrae
- twelve thoracic vertebrae
- five lumber vertebrae
- five sacral vertebrae
- three to five Coccygeal vertebrae fuses to form coccyx
Bones of the upper limb
- bones of the arm»_space; humerus
- bones of forearm»_space; radius and ulna
- bones of hand»_space; carpal bones + metacarpal bones + phalanges
The shoulder/pectoral girdle
- the clavicle anteriorly
- the scapula posteriorly
Bones of the lower limb
- bones of thigh»_space; femur
- bones of leg»_space; tibia and fibula
- bones of foot»_space; tarsal bones + metatarsal bones + phalanges
The pelvic girdle
- the right and left hip bones which articulates with the sacrum “ axial skeleton “ posteriorly by synovial plane joint called sacroiliac , and anteriorly by a secondary cartilaginous joint called symphysis pubis
Types of bones according to their morphology
- short bone»_space; carpal and tarsal bones
- long bone»_space; femur
- flat bone»_space; parietal bone “ bone in the vault of the skull “
- irregular bone»_space; vertebrae
- sutural bone»_space; between sutural joints at the skull
- pneumatic bone»_space; frontal and sphenoid bones
- sesamoid bone»_space; patella
Arterial supply of the bone
- periosteal arteries
- arteries of the attached muscles
- nutrient artery > it is a large blood vessel which enters the shaft of bone near its middle through the nutrient foramen
- metaphyseal arteries
- epiphysial arteries
Parts of long bone
- each end is called “ epiphysis “ > formed of spongy bone
- it is covered with “ articular cartilage “
- the shaft is called the “ diaphysis “
- the epiphysis is separated from the shaft by “ epiphyseal cartilage “
- the region of the shaft close to epiphyseal cartilage is called “ metaphysis “
- the shaft encloses “ medullary cavity “
- the cavity is lined with a membrane called “ endosteum “
- medullary cavity contains “ yellow marrow / fat “ and “ red marrow / blood forming cells “ it is the only site of hematopoiesis in adults
- the shaft covered with “ periostum “
- periosteum contains “ blood vessels / nerves / osteoblasts “
Ossification of the bone
Intra ossification
- they are centers of ossification appear in connective tissue “membrane” transform into a bone»_space; this type of ossification occurs in clavicles and skull vault
Cartilaginous
- they are centres of ossification appear in connective tissue “cartilage” transform into a bone»_space; this type of ossification occurs in the most bones of the body
Joint
It is the site of meeting of two or more bones
Classification of joints
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joints
- synovial joints
Fibrous joint
- the articular bones are connected by strong fibrous tissue and there is no movement “ synatgroses “
- e.g. gomphosis which articulate the tooth with mandible or maxilla + syndesmosis which articulate the fibula with tibia + sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous joint
- Bones connected by hyaline cartilage»_space; epiphyses of long bones
- bones connected by fibrocartilage»_space; joints of the middle line “ symphysis pubis “ or “ intervertebral disc “
Typical Synovial Joint
- The articular surface are covered by “ hyaline cartilage “
- the joint is enveloped by a fibrous “ capsule “
- the capsule is occasionally thickened in certain parts forming “ capsular ligaments “
- inside the capsule there is “intra articular ligaments “
- the inner surface of the capsule is lined by a thin “ synovial membrane “
- the synovial membrane covers also the non-articular parts of the intracapsule bones but leaves the articular surfaces uncovered
- the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
Structure which may be found inside the cavity of synovial joint
- articular disc which divide the joint cavity into two compartment
- menisci “ semilunar cartilage “
- cruciate ligaments “ ligament inside the knee joint “
- tendon sheets
Compartments of synovial joint
- meniscus fibrocartilage which improve the fit of the articulating bones to increase stability
- nerves plus vessels
- extra capsular and intra capsular reinforcing ligaments
- internal synovial membrane which produce viscous synovial fluid to lubricates and nourishes
- external dance connective tissue as fibrous capsule
- synovial joint cavity holding the synovial fluid
- articular hyaline cartilage covers the end of each articulation bone
Associated structure of synovial joint
- flat fibrous sac within synovial membrane lining called BURSAE
- elongated bursae that wraps around tendons called TENDON SHEET
Factors affecting range of motion at synovial joint
- Structure and shape of the articulating bone
- strength and tension of joint ligament
- arrangement and tension of muscles
- contact with soft body parts
- hormones as relaxin which relaxis symphasis pubis
- disuse as the lack of movement after immobilization
Factors that affect joint stability
- muscle tone
- ligament
- fit of articular surface
Classification of synovial joint
- uni axial»_space; hinge joint + pivot joint
- bi axial»_space; ellipsoid “ condyloid “ joint + saddle joint + condylar joint
- multi axial joint»_space; ball and socket joint
- Plane joint»_space; e.x carpal bone
- compound joint»_space; e.x tempero mandibular joint
Uni axial joints
- movements occur around one axis only
Hinge joint
Movement occur around a transverse axis allowing only flextion and extension»_space; elbow joint
Pívot joint
Movement occur around a vertical axis allowing rotation only»_space; superior and inferior radio-ulnar joints
Bi axial joint
Movement occur around two axis horizontal and vertical
Ellipsoid / condyloid joints
Oval and convex articular surface , with other oval and concave articular surface
> > permits flexion and extension movement in one axis»_space; while in the other axis there is a adduction and abduction movements .
> > wrist joint , metacarpo phalangeal joint .
Saddle joint
Bothe surfaces are concavo-convex
> > has the same movement of ellipsoid joint plus slight rotation is permitted
> > the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb
Multi-axial joint
A rounded head “ ball “ of one-bone is received into a cup-shaped depression “ socket “ in the other bone
> > all movements are allowed , flexion and extension - adduction and abduction - medial rotation and lateral rotation - circumduction
> > shoulder and hip joints
Plane joint
Flat and smooth articular surfaces
> > allows only slight gliding movements
> > acromio - clavicular joint and intercarpal joints
Compound joint
The joint cavity is sub divided by articular disc into two compartment each one permits different movement
> > temporo - mandibular joint
> > protraction and retraction movement of temporo mandibular joint
Distribution of skeletal muscle
Attached to skeleton
Distribution of cardiac muscle
In myocardium
Distribution of smooth muscle
In internal viscera and blood vessels
Contraction of skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Contraction of smooth muscle
Involuntary
Contraction of cardiac muscle
Involuntary
Striations of skeletal muscle
Present
Striations of smooth muscle
Absent
Striations of cardiac muscle
Present
Nerve supply of skeletal muscle
Somatic
Nerve supply of cardiac
Autonomic
Nerve supply of smooth muscle
Autonomic
Skeletal Muscle cell
Multinuclear
Cardiac Muscle cell
Branch and fuse together , has single nucleus
Smooth Muscle cell
Spindle shaped , has single nucleus
Attachment of skeletal muscle
Has “origin” which attach to periosteum and “insertion” which attach also to periosteum and “belly” !
Forms of skeletal muscle origin
- tendon : band of dense bundles of fibrous tissue
- aponeurosis : flat sheet of dense arranged fibrous tissue
- muscles of both side may meet in the middle line forming “ raphe “ thin fibrous .
Male pelvic weight
Thicker and hard
Female pelvic weight
Lighter and thinner
Male pelvic inlet shape
Heart in shape
Female pelvic inlet shape
Round and oval in shape
Male pelvic outlet shape
It smaller
Female outlet shape
It is round and larger
Male sub pubic angle
Lesser than 70 degrees
Female sub pubic angle
Greater than 80 degrees
Posterior boundary of pelvic inlet
Sacral promontory and ala of sacrum margin “ coccyx “
Lateral boundary of pelvic inlet
Arcuate line “ chiral tuberoso ties “
Anterior boundary of pelvic inlet
Upper margin of symphysis pubis “ pubis arch “
Plane of pelvic brim
An oblique plane that extend from sacral promontory in behind to upper margin of symphysis pubis in-front
Total bones
206 bones
Appendicular bones
126 bones
Axial bones
80 bones
Properties of fibula
Fibula is the lateral leg bone and it is thinner than tibia
Properties of femur
Thigh bone which articulates with acetabulum it is the longest and heaviest bone in the body
Knee cap
Patella
Properties of tibia
Shin bone , medial leg bone , it is larger than fibula
Function of pectoral girdle
Attach the upper limb to the body
Spongy bone / cancellous
Lacks density form the delicate trabeculated layer Found in epiphysis ,has marrow which produce hematopoietic cells and supply spongy bone with blood
Compact bone / cortical bone
Solid matrix made up of osteons tightly packed found on diaphysis
Function of bones
Support the body by forming the skeleton , protect the vital organs , give attachment to the muscle , act as a liver for the muscle during action and store calcium and phosphate in the bone marrow .
