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General Anatomy > SKELETON + BONE + JOINT + MUSCLE > Flashcards

SKELETON + BONE + JOINT + MUSCLE Flashcards

1
Q

The human skeleton is divided into ?

A
  • axial skeleton

- appendicular

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2
Q

Parts of axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • vertebral column
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3
Q

Parts of appendicular skeleton

A
  • Bones of upper limb plus shoulder girdle

- bones of lower limb plus pelvic girdle

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4
Q

Structure of vertebral column

A
  • seven cervical vertebrae
  • twelve thoracic vertebrae
  • five lumber vertebrae
  • five sacral vertebrae
  • three to five Coccygeal vertebrae fuses to form coccyx
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5
Q

Bones of the upper limb

A
  • bones of the arm&raquo_space; humerus
  • bones of forearm&raquo_space; radius and ulna
  • bones of hand&raquo_space; carpal bones + metacarpal bones + phalanges
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6
Q

The shoulder/pectoral girdle

A
  • the clavicle anteriorly

- the scapula posteriorly

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7
Q

Bones of the lower limb

A
  • bones of thigh&raquo_space; femur
  • bones of leg&raquo_space; tibia and fibula
  • bones of foot&raquo_space; tarsal bones + metatarsal bones + phalanges
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8
Q

The pelvic girdle

A
  • the right and left hip bones which articulates with the sacrum “ axial skeleton “ posteriorly by synovial plane joint called sacroiliac , and anteriorly by a secondary cartilaginous joint called symphysis pubis
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9
Q

Types of bones according to their morphology

A
  • short bone&raquo_space; carpal and tarsal bones
  • long bone&raquo_space; femur
  • flat bone&raquo_space; parietal bone “ bone in the vault of the skull “
  • irregular bone&raquo_space; vertebrae
  • sutural bone&raquo_space; between sutural joints at the skull
  • pneumatic bone&raquo_space; frontal and sphenoid bones
  • sesamoid bone&raquo_space; patella
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10
Q

Arterial supply of the bone

A
  • periosteal arteries
  • arteries of the attached muscles
  • nutrient artery > it is a large blood vessel which enters the shaft of bone near its middle through the nutrient foramen
  • metaphyseal arteries
  • epiphysial arteries
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11
Q

Parts of long bone

A
  • each end is called “ epiphysis “ > formed of spongy bone
  • it is covered with “ articular cartilage “
  • the shaft is called the “ diaphysis “
  • the epiphysis is separated from the shaft by “ epiphyseal cartilage “
  • the region of the shaft close to epiphyseal cartilage is called “ metaphysis “
  • the shaft encloses “ medullary cavity “
  • the cavity is lined with a membrane called “ endosteum “
  • medullary cavity contains “ yellow marrow / fat “ and “ red marrow / blood forming cells “ it is the only site of hematopoiesis in adults
  • the shaft covered with “ periostum “
  • periosteum contains “ blood vessels / nerves / osteoblasts “
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12
Q

Ossification of the bone

A

Intra ossification
- they are centers of ossification appear in connective tissue “membrane” transform into a bone&raquo_space; this type of ossification occurs in clavicles and skull vault
Cartilaginous
- they are centres of ossification appear in connective tissue “cartilage” transform into a bone&raquo_space; this type of ossification occurs in the most bones of the body

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13
Q

Joint

A

It is the site of meeting of two or more bones

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14
Q

Classification of joints

A
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
  • synovial joints
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15
Q

Fibrous joint

A
  • the articular bones are connected by strong fibrous tissue and there is no movement “ synatgroses “
  • e.g. gomphosis which articulate the tooth with mandible or maxilla + syndesmosis which articulate the fibula with tibia + sutures of the skull
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16
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A
  • Bones connected by hyaline cartilage&raquo_space; epiphyses of long bones
  • bones connected by fibrocartilage&raquo_space; joints of the middle line “ symphysis pubis “ or “ intervertebral disc “
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17
Q

Typical Synovial Joint

A
  • The articular surface are covered by “ hyaline cartilage “
  • the joint is enveloped by a fibrous “ capsule “
  • the capsule is occasionally thickened in certain parts forming “ capsular ligaments “
  • inside the capsule there is “intra articular ligaments “
  • the inner surface of the capsule is lined by a thin “ synovial membrane “
  • the synovial membrane covers also the non-articular parts of the intracapsule bones but leaves the articular surfaces uncovered
  • the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
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18
Q

Structure which may be found inside the cavity of synovial joint

A
  • articular disc which divide the joint cavity into two compartment
  • menisci “ semilunar cartilage “
  • cruciate ligaments “ ligament inside the knee joint “
  • tendon sheets
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19
Q

Compartments of synovial joint

A
  • meniscus fibrocartilage which improve the fit of the articulating bones to increase stability
  • nerves plus vessels
  • extra capsular and intra capsular reinforcing ligaments
  • internal synovial membrane which produce viscous synovial fluid to lubricates and nourishes
  • external dance connective tissue as fibrous capsule
  • synovial joint cavity holding the synovial fluid
  • articular hyaline cartilage covers the end of each articulation bone
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20
Q

Associated structure of synovial joint

A
  • flat fibrous sac within synovial membrane lining called BURSAE
  • elongated bursae that wraps around tendons called TENDON SHEET
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21
Q

Factors affecting range of motion at synovial joint

A
  • Structure and shape of the articulating bone
  • strength and tension of joint ligament
  • arrangement and tension of muscles
  • contact with soft body parts
  • hormones as relaxin which relaxis symphasis pubis
  • disuse as the lack of movement after immobilization
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22
Q

Factors that affect joint stability

A
  • muscle tone
  • ligament
  • fit of articular surface
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23
Q

Classification of synovial joint

A
  • uni axial&raquo_space; hinge joint + pivot joint
  • bi axial&raquo_space; ellipsoid “ condyloid “ joint + saddle joint + condylar joint
  • multi axial joint&raquo_space; ball and socket joint
  • Plane joint&raquo_space; e.x carpal bone
  • compound joint&raquo_space; e.x tempero mandibular joint
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24
Q

Uni axial joints

A
  • movements occur around one axis only
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25
Q

Hinge joint

A

Movement occur around a transverse axis allowing only flextion and extension&raquo_space; elbow joint

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26
Q

Pívot joint

A

Movement occur around a vertical axis allowing rotation only&raquo_space; superior and inferior radio-ulnar joints

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27
Q

Bi axial joint

A

Movement occur around two axis horizontal and vertical

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28
Q

Ellipsoid / condyloid joints

A

Oval and convex articular surface , with other oval and concave articular surface

> > permits flexion and extension movement in one axis&raquo_space; while in the other axis there is a adduction and abduction movements .

> > wrist joint , metacarpo phalangeal joint .

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29
Q

Saddle joint

A

Bothe surfaces are concavo-convex

> > has the same movement of ellipsoid joint plus slight rotation is permitted

> > the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

30
Q

Multi-axial joint

A

A rounded head “ ball “ of one-bone is received into a cup-shaped depression “ socket “ in the other bone

> > all movements are allowed , flexion and extension - adduction and abduction - medial rotation and lateral rotation - circumduction

> > shoulder and hip joints

31
Q

Plane joint

A

Flat and smooth articular surfaces

> > allows only slight gliding movements

> > acromio - clavicular joint and intercarpal joints

32
Q

Compound joint

A

The joint cavity is sub divided by articular disc into two compartment each one permits different movement

> > temporo - mandibular joint

> > protraction and retraction movement of temporo mandibular joint

33
Q

Distribution of skeletal muscle

A

Attached to skeleton

34
Q

Distribution of cardiac muscle

A

In myocardium

35
Q

Distribution of smooth muscle

A

In internal viscera and blood vessels

36
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary

37
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary

38
Q

Contraction of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary

39
Q

Striations of skeletal muscle

A

Present

40
Q

Striations of smooth muscle

A

Absent

41
Q

Striations of cardiac muscle

A

Present

42
Q

Nerve supply of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

43
Q

Nerve supply of cardiac

A

Autonomic

44
Q

Nerve supply of smooth muscle

A

Autonomic

45
Q

Skeletal Muscle cell

A

Multinuclear

46
Q

Cardiac Muscle cell

A

Branch and fuse together , has single nucleus

47
Q

Smooth Muscle cell

A

Spindle shaped , has single nucleus

48
Q

Attachment of skeletal muscle

A

Has “origin” which attach to periosteum and “insertion” which attach also to periosteum and “belly” !

49
Q

Forms of skeletal muscle origin

A
  • tendon : band of dense bundles of fibrous tissue
  • aponeurosis : flat sheet of dense arranged fibrous tissue
  • muscles of both side may meet in the middle line forming “ raphe “ thin fibrous .
50
Q

Male pelvic weight

A

Thicker and hard

51
Q

Female pelvic weight

A

Lighter and thinner

52
Q

Male pelvic inlet shape

A

Heart in shape

53
Q

Female pelvic inlet shape

A

Round and oval in shape

54
Q

Male pelvic outlet shape

A

It smaller

55
Q

Female outlet shape

A

It is round and larger

56
Q

Male sub pubic angle

A

Lesser than 70 degrees

57
Q

Female sub pubic angle

A

Greater than 80 degrees

58
Q

Posterior boundary of pelvic inlet

A

Sacral promontory and ala of sacrum margin “ coccyx “

59
Q

Lateral boundary of pelvic inlet

A

Arcuate line “ chiral tuberoso ties “

60
Q

Anterior boundary of pelvic inlet

A

Upper margin of symphysis pubis “ pubis arch “

61
Q

Plane of pelvic brim

A

An oblique plane that extend from sacral promontory in behind to upper margin of symphysis pubis in-front

62
Q

Total bones

A

206 bones

63
Q

Appendicular bones

A

126 bones

64
Q

Axial bones

A

80 bones

65
Q

Properties of fibula

A

Fibula is the lateral leg bone and it is thinner than tibia

66
Q

Properties of femur

A

Thigh bone which articulates with acetabulum it is the longest and heaviest bone in the body

67
Q

Knee cap

A

Patella

68
Q

Properties of tibia

A

Shin bone , medial leg bone , it is larger than fibula

69
Q

Function of pectoral girdle

A

Attach the upper limb to the body

70
Q

Spongy bone / cancellous

A

Lacks density form the delicate trabeculated layer Found in epiphysis ,has marrow which produce hematopoietic cells and supply spongy bone with blood

71
Q

Compact bone / cortical bone

A

Solid matrix made up of osteons tightly packed found on diaphysis

72
Q

Function of bones

A

Support the body by forming the skeleton , protect the vital organs , give attachment to the muscle , act as a liver for the muscle during action and store calcium and phosphate in the bone marrow .

General Anatomy (4 decks)

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