Skeleton and muscles

Question 1

How many bones do adults and babies have

Answer 1

Adults = 206

Babies = approx. 300

Question 2

What is the function of the bones and the skeleton? (5)

Answer 2

1. Structural support to the body
2. Protect soft internal organs
3. Home to the bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
4. Mineral store for many processes
5. Underpin movement by attachment to muscles via tendons

Question 3

What are the classifications of bones (4)

Answer 3

1. Long – e.g. humerus in arm/femur in leg
2. Flat – e.g. bones of the skull or sternum
3. Irregular - e.g. Vertebrae
4. Short – e.g. talus and other cuneiform bones in foot

Question 4

What are sesamoids

Answer 4

specialist form of short bones which form within tendons.

Question 5

What is the structure anatomy of the skeleton (2)

Answer 5

1. Axial skeleton - Long axis of the body including the skull spine and rib cage
2. Appendicular skeleton - Bone of all limbs and girdles that join them to the axial skeleton

Question 6

(Axial Skeleton) What are the bones of the skull (7)

Answer 6

1. Many of the bones in the skull are flat bones.
2. Frontal bone
3. Parietal bone
4. Sphenoid bone
5. Temporal bone
6. Occipital bone
7. Ethmoid bone

Question 7

What is the function of flat bones

Answer 7

Flat bones protect sensitive organs such as the brain (cranial bones), heart and lungs (sternum and ribs).

Question 8

What does the structure of the sternum contain (7)

Answer 8

1. Jugular notch (top)
2. Clavicular notch (sides at top)
3. Manubrium
4. Sternal angle (sides)
5. Body
6. Xiphoid process (bottom)
7. Facets for attachment of costal cartilages 1 → 7

Question 9

What does the structure of the ribcage contain (3)

Answer 9

1. True ribs = 1 → 7
2. False ribs = 8 → 10
3. Floating ribs = 11 & 12

Question 10

What are the vertebral column groups (4)

Answer 10

1. Vertebrae are grouped into 3 sections
2. Cervical vertebrae C1 – C7 → the neck portion of the spine
3. Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12 → the upper back
4. Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5 → the lower part of the back

Question 11

What are the bones of the upper limb (8)

Answer 11

1. Clavicle/collarbone
2. Scapula/shoulder blade
3. Humerus (long bone)
4. Radius (after humerus closest to thumb)
5. Ulna (after humerus closest to pinkie)
6. Carpus (wrist/palm)
7. Metacarpus (palm)
8. Phalanges (in fingertips)

Question 12

What are the bones of the hand and wrist (7)

Answer 12

1. Radius (after humerus closest to thumb)
2. Ulna (after humerus closest to pinkie)
3. Carpus (wrist/palm)
4. Metacarpal
5. Proximal phalanges
6. Middle phalanges
7. Distal phalanges

Question 13

What is the carpus

Answer 13

Group of small bones at the proximal part of the hand in the wrist/palm

Question 14

What are the pelvic bones (6)

Answer 14

1. Sacrum (middle)
2. Ilium (sides)
3. Pubis
4. Ischium
5. Pubic symphysis
6. Coccyx (back)

Question 15

What bones make up the hip bone (3)

Answer 15

1. Ilium
2. Pubis
3. Ischium

Question 16

What are the bones of the lower limb (7)

Answer 16

1. long bones
2. Have the most load and stress put through them.
3. Have a large reservoir of bone marrow – which produces a lot of red blood cells.
4. femur
5. patella (knee cap)
6. tibia (towards the middle of legs)
7. fibula (towards outside of legs)

Question 17

What are the bones of the foot (3)

Answer 17

1. Cuneiforms
2. Metatarsals
3. Phalanges

Question 18

What are the types of bone tissue (3)

Answer 18

1. 2 types of osseous (bone) tissue
2. Compact (outer bone and rigid)
3. Spongy (inner bone and porous)

Question 19

What are the cells of the bone tissue (3)

Answer 19

1. Osteoblast - Production of bone proteins such as collagen I
2. Osteoclasts - Remodels bone – using enzymes to organise the proteins to maintain structural integrity
3. These cells work together to keep bone turnover in synchronisation, repair damage and maintain health

Question 20

What is bone Marrow (5)

Answer 20

1. The tissue found inside bones
2. It contains stem cells which are involved in the production of:
3. Red blood cells – carry oxygen to other tissues of the body via the circulation
4. White blood cells – fight infection and the immune system
5. Platelet – blood clotting during injury

Question 21

How does mineralisation of bone work (6)

Answer 21

1. Bone is classified as a mineralised tissue
2. Stores 99% of the body’s calcium
3. Stores 85% of the body’s phosphorus
4. Stores around 60% of the sodium
5. These minerals are very important for normal cardiovascular function and muscle movement.
6. The available stores are used when nutrition is poor or there is a high demand (e.g. pregnancy)

Question 22

What are the 3 major types of muscle in the body

Answer 22

1. Skeletal Muscle (cylindrical fibres)
2. Cardiac Muscle (branched appearance)
3. Smooth Muscle (central nucleus)

Question 23

What are the functions of the muscular system (4)

Answer 23

1. Movement - skeletal muscles are responsible for locomotion
2. Posture - important in keeping the body in an upright position
3. Stabilising joints - by pulling bones into the correct position which maintains joint health and defers arthritis
4. Generating heat - by generating ATP as a side effect of activity used to maintain normal body temperature.

Question 24

What is the function of skeletal muscle (5)

Answer 24

1. Makes up 40% of body weight in healthy adult
2. Maintains body posture
3. Moves the body
4. Swallow reflex
5. Controls breathing

Question 25

What is the anatomy of the musculature of the upper limb (6)

Answer 25

1. Deltoid (shoulder) 2. Pectoralis major 3. Biceps brachii 4. Brachioradialis (outside forearm) 5. Flexor carpi (inside forarm) 6. Extensor carpi (close to thumb)

Question 26

What are the muscles of the Quadriceps (5)

Answer 26

1. Contains four muscles 2. the vastus lateralis - outside 3. vastus medialis - inside 4. vastus intermedius - underneath the other three quad muscles 5. rectus femoris - middle

Question 27

How is movement achieved (5)

Answer 27

1. There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the body 2. Each individual muscle is anchored in at least 2 points to either bone or connective tissue 3. One of the points is called the origin – this is anchor of muscle and is attached to the less movable bone or piece of connective tissue. 4. The other point is called the insertion and is attached to the movable bone/connective tissue. 5. During muscle contraction the insertion moves toward the origin.

Question 28

What happens during flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction (5)

Answer 28

1. Flexion: Decreases the angle of the joint so the attached bones are brought closer together. 2. Extension: Opposite of flexion – Increases angle of joint – bones are pushed further apart. 3. Rotation: Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis 4. Abduction: Movement of a limb away from midline 5. Adduction: Movement of a limb towards midline

Question 29

What brings about contraction (8)

Answer 29

1. Stimulus by a nerve impulse. 2. Motor neurones are responsible for this. 3. One motor neurone can stimulate several muscle fibres. 4. The muscle fibres linked to one motor neurone are together called a motor unit. 5. The long thin extensions of a neurone are called axons. 6. The axon branches into multiple terminals and where these terminals touches the muscle fibre is termed a neuromuscular junction. 7. Synaptic vesicles found in neuromuscular junctions contain a chemical called a neurotransmitter. 8. Acetylcholine is the transmitter used for contraction of muscle.

Question 30

What happens during contraction (5)

Answer 30

1. Nerve impulses reaches axon terminal of motor neurone 2. calcium channels open and allow calcium into the axon terminal 3. calcium stimulates synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine 4. Acetylcholine opens ion channels in muscle fibre allowing sodium ions into fibre and potassium ions out 5. sodium diffuses down muscle fibre cell creating action potential

Question 31

What are tendons (2)

Answer 31

1. A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen that connects a muscle to a bone 2. Example – Achilles tendon

Question 32

What are ligaments (2)

Answer 32

1. A tough band of tissue that holds bones or organs in position 2. Example – cruciate ligament

Question 33

What are the types of synovial joints (6)

Answer 33

1. Pivot - spine (neck) 2. Hinge - elbows 3. Ball and socket - hips 4. Saddle - wrists 5. Plane - ankles 6. Condyloid - wrists

Question 34

What is the hyaline cartilage (5)

Answer 34

1. Colourless, transparent or ‘glass-like’. 2. Often found in joints where it protects from bone-on-bone friction 3. When present on ‘articulating’ surface of bone-like joints, it is referred to as ‘articular cartilage’ 4. Chondrocytes are the cell type produce collagen and ground substance 5. Hyaline cartilage is avascular – so when it is damaged it is difficult for the body to repair it.