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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mouth/throat functions (7)

A
  1. Taste
  2. Chew (masticate)
  3. Form bolus
  4. Swallow
  5. Begin breakdown of food.
  6. Regulate the oesophagus/trachea.
  7. Speak
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2
Q

What is the mouth/throat anatomy to know (11)

A
  1. Lips
  2. Teeth (Incisors, Canines, Pre-molars, Molars)
  3. Gums (Gingiva)
  4. Tongue > Papillae > Taste buds
  5. Cheeks
  6. Hard and soft palates
  7. Tonsils
  8. Epiglottis
  9. Oesophagus (Trachea)
  10. The throat is one long tube with changing functions and a sphincter.
  11. all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue, although certain parts are more sensitive to certain tastes.
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3
Q

What are the mouth/throat anatomy functions (6)

A
  1. Highly vascular - Salivation, swallowing, secreting digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase), secreting IgA and lysozyme (immune), avoids hepatic 1st pass.
  2. Muscular - bite force of 100-160psi
  3. Tongue - Taste, help chew (masticate), swallow
  4. Teeth - Cut, tear and chew food (mechanical break up for swallowing and digestion)
  5. Tonsils and adenoids - immune surveillance and response
  6. Pharynx/larynx and epiglottis - speak and regulate oesophagus and trachea
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4
Q

What does a healthy mouth/tongue look like (7)

A
  1. Talking
  2. pink lips/gums
  3. all teeth
  4. no bleeding
  5. able to taste
  6. able to swallow
  7. no pain
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5
Q

What does the potential pathophysiology of mouth/tongue look like (9)

A
  1. Missing teeth (dentures, chips)
  2. change in speech
  3. discolouration
  4. swelling
  5. halitosis (bad breath)
  6. bleeding
  7. dysphagia
  8. pain
  9. aspiration
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6
Q

What is the oesophagus anatomy (2)

A
  1. Oesophagus - The long, smooth muscular tube that rhythmically pushes food bolus to the stomach (peristalsis). Not designed for prolonged exposure to food/acid
  2. Sphincter - Strong muscular ring between oesophagus/stomach preventing acid reflux to the oesophagus
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7
Q

What are the oesophagus functions? (2)

A
  1. Transport bolus to stomach
  2. Prevent reflux
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8
Q

What does a healthy oesophagus look like (2)

A
  1. No swallowing issues
  2. No acid regurgitation
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9
Q

What does the potential pathophysiology of the oesophagus look like (5)

A
  1. Bad breath (halitosis)
  2. Heartburn
  3. Acid reflux
  4. Dysphagia
  5. Aspiration (lung infections?)
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10
Q

What are the stages of swallowing (4)

A
  1. Oral preparation stage
  2. Oral transit stage
  3. Pharyngeal stage
  4. Oesophageal stage
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11
Q

What happens during the oral preparation stage of swallowing (3)

A
  1. Mastication of food
  2. Chewing with teeth and tongue, mixing with saliva (amylase, lipase, IgA and lysozyme)
  3. Bolus formation
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12
Q

What happens during the oral transit stage of swallowing (3)

A
  1. The front of the tongue lifts
  2. back of tongue depresses
  3. soft palate raises to block the nasal passage
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13
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing (3)

A
  1. The larynx raises and contracts, and the epiglottis flips down to cover the airway.
  2. The upper oesophageal (cricopharyngeus) sphincter opens to allow bolus to enter the oesophagus.
  3. The upper oesophageal (cricopharyngeus) sphincter closes.
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14
Q

What happens during the oesophageal stage of swallowing

A

Peristalsis (rhythmic downward pushing of bolus)

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15
Q

What is peristalsis (4)

A
  1. Rhythmic downward pulsing of muscular contraction
  2. Happens throughout the GI tract
  3. Pushed everything through
  4. Is the “urge” you feel to defecate
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16
Q

What are the stomach functions (5)

A
  1. Protect from pathogens
  2. Digest - breakdown of food
  3. Absorb
  4. Storage (c. 1L)
  5. Secretion
17
Q

What is the stomach anatomy (7)

A
  1. A large muscular sack can distend to hold around 1 L
  2. A sphincter at each end that controls movement (upper and pyloric sphincter)
  3. Secretes pepsin and lipase to break down food
  4. Parietal cells secrete H+ and Cl- ions to form hydrochloric acid
  5. Very acidic (HCl) to kill bacteria.
  6. Goblet cells secrete mucous lining to protect tissue from acid
  7. Some absorption
18
Q

How does stomach acid production work (5)

A
  1. pH between 1-3
  2. Parietal cells secrete H+ and Cl-
  3. Degrades proteins for digestion and defence
  4. Stimulated by Vagus nerve, gastrin, histamine
  5. Goblet cells secrete protective mucous for the stomach lining.
19
Q

How does the stomach digest and absorb (5)

A
  1. Pepsin - Breaks down proteins
  2. Lipase - Breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids
  3. Secretes intrinsic factor - Binds to B12 to be absorbed later
  4. Some drug absorption (acidic) (E.g. aspirin, ibuprofen)
  5. Minor site of nutrient absorption
20
Q

What are the small intestine functions (4)

A
  1. Digest
  2. Absorb nutrients
  3. Absorb water
  4. Continue excretion of waste
21
Q

What are the small intestine anatomy and properties (6)

A
  1. 6m long (will read up to 8m)
  2. Attached to the posterior (back) of the abdominal cavity by the mesentery
  3. The major site of digestion
  4. The major site of absorption
  5. Huge surface area 250 m² (tennis court)
  6. Highly vascular → Liver
22
Q

What are the duodenum anatomy and properties (5)

A
  1. The first part after acidic stomach
  2. The widest part of the small intestine
  3. A short (25cm) C-shape
  4. Where gallbladder empties
  5. Neutralising stomach acid
23
Q

What are the jejunum anatomy and properties? (2)

A
  1. 2.5 m long
  2. Absorption of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids
24
Q

What are the Ileum anatomy and properties (2)

A
  1. 3 m long
  2. Absorbs Vitamin B12 and bile acids
25
Gall bladder and bile duct functions (7)
1. The liver secretes bile, consisting of Salts, Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Conjugated bilirubin, Electrolytes and water 2. Bile is stored in the gallbladder 3. Bile is released through the bile duct and sphincter of Oddi 4. Bile neutralises stomach acid 5. Bile emulsifies fats for absorption (with fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K) 6. Excretes waste (e.g. bilirubin) 7. In the bile duct, it mixes with pancreatic lipase (needed for fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K), protease and amylase.
26
What are the large intestine functions (4)
1. Absorb water, electrolytes and vitamins 2. Form stool 3. Store stool 4. Continue excretion of waste
27
What are the large intestine anatomy and properties (5)
1. 1-1.5 m long 2. Wider than the small intestine 3. More fixed by mesentery than the small intestine 4. Have haustra (bulged sacks) along the length – most pronounced in the sigmoid colon. 5. Highly vascular with blood → Liver
28
What is the rectum and anus function (1)
Temporarily store faeces control defecation.
29
What is the rectum anatomy and properties (4)
1. Connected to but distinct from colon 2. Around 12 cm long 3. Stores faeces 4. Blood supply goes directly into circulation (avoids hepatic 1st pass)
30
What are the anus's anatomy and properties (2)
1. Muscular sphincter 2. Controls voluntary defecation

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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