Skeleton and muscles Flashcards
What is the function of the bones and the skeleton? (5)
- structural support to the body
- Protects the internal organs
- hematopoiesis.
- mineral store for many processes
- Underpins movements by attachment to muscles via tendons
What are the classifications of bones (4)
- Long – example humerus in arm or femur in leg
- Flat – bones of the skull or sternum
- Irregular - Vertebrae
- Short – talus and other cuneiform bones in the foot – the sesamoid bone type is a specialist form of short bones which form within tendons.
What is the structure anatomy of the skeleton (4)
- Axial skeleton
- Long axis of body including the skull spine and rib cage
- Appendicular skeleton
- Bone of all limbs and girdles that join them to the axial skeleton
(Axial Skeleton) What are the bones of the skull (6)
Many of the bones in the skull are flat bones. As a general rule flat bones are like amour plates to protect the organ or tissue they cover
- Frontal bone
- Parietal bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Temporal bone
- Occipital bone
- Ethmoid bone
What is the function of flat bones
Flat bones protect sensitive organs such as the brain (cranial bones), heart and lungs (sternum and ribs).
What are the vertebral column groups (3)
- Cervical vertebrae C1 – C7 → the neck portion of the spine
- Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12 → the upper back
- Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5 → the lower part of the back
What is the name of the bones at the proximal part of the hand
The bones at the proximal part of the hand is collectively called the carpus.
What are the bones of the lower limb (7)
These bones are often referred to as long bones (along with some of the bones in the arms)
Long bones in the legs are the bones in the body which have most load and stress put through them.
They also have a large reservoir of bone marrow – which produces a lot of the red blood cells.
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
What are the types of bone tissue (2)
- Compact (outer bone and rigid)
- Spongy (inner bone and porous)
What are the cells of the bone tissue (3)
- Osteoblast - bone proteins such as collagen I
- Osteoclasts - Responsible for remodelling bone
These cells work together to keep bone turnover in synchronisation, repair damage and maintain health
What is bone Marrow (2)
- the tissue found inside bones
- contains stem cells which are involved in the production of: Red blood cells, White blood cells & Platelets
How does mineralisation of bone work (4)
- Bone is classified as a mineralised tissue
- It stores 99% of the body’s calcium and 85% of the body’s phosphorus and around 60% of the sodium stored
- These minerals are very important for normal cardiovascular function and muscle movement.
- The available stores are used when nutrition is poor or there is a high demand (e.g. pregnancy)
What are the 3 major types of muscle in the body
- Skeletal Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
What are the functions of the muscular system (4)
- Movement - skeletal muscles are responsible for locomotion
- Posture - importtant in keeping body in upright position
- Stabilising joints - by pulling bones into correct positiion which maintains joint health and defers arthritis
- Generating heat - by generating ATP as a side effect of activity used to maintain normal body temperature.
What is the function of skeletal muscle (5)
- Makes up 40% of body weight in healthy adult
- Maintains body posture
- Moves the body
- Swallow reflex
- Controls breathing
What are the muscles of the upper leg (5)
Quadroceps means four headed.
The group contains muscles:
1. the vastus lateralis,
2. vastus medialis,
3. vastus intermedius,
4. rectus femoris
5. Vastus intermedius – is situated underneath the other 3 quad muscles
What happens during flexion, extension, rotation, abduction and adduction (5)
- Flexion: Decreases the angle of the joint so the attached bones are brought closer together.
- Extension: Opposite of flexion – Increases angle of joint – bones are pushed further apart.
- Rotation: Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis
- Abduction: Movement of a limb away from midline
- Adduction: Movement of a limb towards the midline
What brings about contraction (5)
- Nerve impulses reaches axon terminal of motor neurone
- calcium channels open and allow calcium into the axon terminal
- calcium stimulates synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine opens ion channels in muscle fibre allowing sodium ions into fibre and potassium ions out
- sodium diffuses down muscle fibre cell creating action potential
