Skeleton

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
3. Boney thorax- sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae ( ribcage protects heart, lungs, upper organs)

Question 2

What makes up the appendicular skeleton ?

Answer 2

1. Limbs
2. Pectoral girdle- clavicle joins sternum to shoulder, transmits force from arm to central skeleton. Scapula - movement of arm and shoulder

Question 3

What are the bones of the upper arm?

Answer 3

Humerus- upper arm
Forearm -2 bones ulna( wrist side) radius wrist thumb side. Two bones swivel over each other when you twist your wrist
Hand- carpels- wrist, metacarpals- palm, phalanges- fingers

Question 4

What does the pelvic girdle contain?

Answer 4

Pelvis, sacrum, coccyx, pubic bone

Question 5

List the bones in the lower limbs?

Answer 5

Thigh- 1 bone femur largest and strongest bone
Patella- kneecap, protects knee joint
2 lower leg bones tibia- thick, fibula thin outside- not much support.
Foot- tarsus- ankle, metatarsals- sole, phalanges- toes

Question 6

What is the function of muscles?

Answer 6

Skeleton = framework
Muscles= shape and definition- involved in many body functions eg. Digestion and breathing
Muscles- movement, posture, stabilise joints, generate heat

Question 7

Name the 3 types of muscle?

Answer 7

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 8

Muscles are attached at 2 points at least. What is the origin and insertion?

Answer 8

Origin-attachment to immovable bone by tendon

Insertion- attachment to a moveable bone by tendon

Question 9

How do muscles work?

Answer 9

Movement- muscle moving attached bone
Muscles exert force and work by contracting
Contraction of muscle- movement of micro filaments
MUSCLES PULL NEVER PUSH

Question 10

What are antagonistic muscles?

Answer 10

Work in pairs
Extensors- straighten a limb
Flexors - bend a limb
Biceps contract- triceps relax- when arm straightens reverse happens

Question 11

What are joints?

Answer 11

Permit movement- held by ligaments
No movement in skull joints
Spine limited
Synovial move freely

Question 12

Name the 3 types of joints?

Answer 12

Fibrous joints- immovable eg. Skull and pelvis
Cartilaginous joints- slight movement eg. Pubic symphysis and vertebrae
Synovial joints- move freely- articulating bones- separated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Question 13

What is synovial fluid made of?

Answer 13

Clear blood plasma from capillaries - filtered through membrane around it. Allows great movement.

Question 14

What are the parts of a synovial joint?

Answer 14

Bone- extremities of long bone that forms synovial joint
Ligament- connect bone to bone - strong parallel fibres
Cartilage- at ends of bone- hyaline- smooth and slippery- protects
Synovial fluid- reduces friction- viscous and flexible

Question 15

Name the two types of synovial joint?

Answer 15

Ball and socket - spherical head of bone lodges in spherical cavity of another. Swing and rotation- greatest range

Question 16

What are pivot joints?

Answer 16

2 bones move in a rotational twist motion eg. Radio- ulnar joint in elbow or atlas/ axis in neck.

Question 17

What is a gliding joint?

Answer 17

Sideways movement and 1 directional movement. Bones in wrists and ankles glide past each other. Spine has gliding joints.

Question 18

How do body systems interact?

Answer 18

Muscular- produce movement and contract and shorten
Skeletal- muscles attach to bones
Nervous- brain and NS direct muscles to contract
Cardio + resp- circulate O2 and food to cells. Remove co2
Digestive- process food for delivery to cells

Question 19

What is the function of the skeleton?

Answer 19

Support, movement, protection, blood production