Skeletal System Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
The structural foundation of any vertebrate. It is the network of different structures that support the overall spatial orientation of the human body.
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
2
Q
It is involved in various processes in the human body because of the multitude of functions that it serves.
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
3
Q
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A
SUPPORT
PROTECTION
MOBILITY
STORAGE
MYELOID PRODUCTION
4
Q
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Positional stabilization (orientation)
A
SUPPORT
5
Q
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Internal organs preservation and safety
A
PROTECTION
6
Q
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Movement (joints and articulation)
A
MOBILITY
7
Q
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Mineral deposition (Hydroxyapatite - calcium & phosphates)
A
STORAGE
8
Q
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Blood cells and stem cells (pluripotential)
A
MYELOID PRODUCTION
9
Q
A derivative of mesenchymal cells (middle layer) of the embryo.
A
SKELETAL SYSTEM
10
Q
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A
CHONDROBLAST
CHONDROCYTE
OSTEOBLAST
OSTEOCYTE
OSTEOCLASTS
11
Q
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Progenitor of cartilage (chondrocytes)
A
CHONDROBLASTS
12
Q
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Collagen accumulating cell membranes
A
CHONDROCYTE
13
Q
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Bone forming derivative of chindrocytes
A
OSTEOBLAST
14
Q
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Calcium accumulating cell membranes
A
OSTEOCYTE
15
Q
FETAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Calcium degrading osteocytes located in the covering of the bones (periosteum)
A
OSTEOCLASTS
16
Q
SKELETAL TISSUES
A
TENDONS AND TERMINAL SURFACES OF BONES
SOFT CARTILAGE
HARD CARTILAGE
BONE
17
Q
SKELETAL TISSUES
- Dense CT (hyaline cartilage)
A
TENDONS AND TERMINAL SURFACES OF BONES
18
Q
SKELETAL TISSUES
- Loose CT (elastic cartilage)
A
SOFT CARTILAGE
19
Q
SKELETAL TISSUES
- Dense CT (fibrocartilage)
A
HARD CARTILAGE
20
Q
SKELETAL TISSUES
- Mineralized CT (hydroxyapatite - calcium and phosphates)
A
BONE
21
Q
BONE PHYSIOLOGY
A
RED BONE MARROW
YELLOW BONE MARROW
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
PERIOSTEUM
22
Q
BONE PHYSIOLOGY
- Myeloid production (Myeloblast - undifferentiated and immature blood cells)
A
RED BONE MARROW
23
Q
BONE PHYSIOLOGY
- Fat storage (Adult - ‘excess nutrient’ and Brown Adipocytes - heat source)
A
YELLOW BONE MARROW
24
Q
BONE PHYSIOLOGY
- Conversion of cartilage to bone (bone height increase)
A
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
25
BONE PHYSIOLOGY
- Production of osteoblasts (source of bone regeneration for repair)
PERIOSTEUM
26
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
Development of ossification center: osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix
27
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
CALCIFICATION: calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)
28
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone
29
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
Development of the periosteum: mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum
30
BONE REPAIR: FRACTURES
HEMATOMA FORMATION
CALLUS FORMATION
CALLUS OSSIFICATION
BONE REMODELING
31
BONE REPAIR: FRACTURES
- Blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma
HEMATOMA FORMATION
32
BONE REPAIR: FRACTURES
- The internal callus forms between the ends of the bones, and the external call forms a collar around the break
CALLUS FORMATION
33
BONE REPAIR: FRACTURES
- Woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses
CALLUS OSSIFICATION
34
BONE REPAIR: FRACTURES
- compact bone replaces woven bone, and part of the internal callus is removed, restoring the medullary cavity
BONE REMODELLING
35
Bone fracture, if the bone protrudes through the skin
OPEN (or compound) WOUND
36
Bone fractures, if the skin is not perforated
CLOSED (or simple) WOUND
37
If the fracture totally separates the two bone fragments it is called
COMPLETE
38
If the fracture does not separate the two bone fragments it is called
INCOMPLETE
39
Incomplete fracture that occurs in the convex side of the side of the curve of a bone
GREENSTICK FRACTURE
40
A fracture is one in which the bone breaks into more than two fragments is called
COMMINUTED (broken into small pieces)
41
A fracture occurs when one of the fragments of one part of the bone is driven into the spongy bones of another fragment.
IMPACTED FRACTURE
42
Parallel to the long axis (direction of fracture line)
LINEAR
43
At right angles to the long axis
TRANSVERSE
44
At an angle other than a right angle to the long axis
OBLIQUE or SPIRAL
45
A joint, or an articulation, is a place where two bones come together. Many joints are movable, although some of them allow only limited movement; others allow no apparent movement.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
46
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body.
SUPPORT
47
Provides firm yet flexible support within certain structure, such as the nose, external ear, thoracic cage, and trachea.
CARTILAGE
48
Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bones and hold them together.
LIGAMENTS
49
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds. For example. the skulk encloses and protects the brain, and the vertebrae surround the spinal cord. The rib cage protects the heart, lungs, and other organs of the thorax.
PROTECTION
50
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons, which are strong bands of connective tissue. Contraction of the skeletal muscles moves the bones, producing body movements. Joints, where two or more bones come together, allow movement between bones. Smooth cartilage covers the ends of bones within some joints, allowing the bones to move freely. Ligaments allow some movement between bones but. prevent excessive movement.
MOVEMENT
51
Where two or more bones come together, allows movement between bones
JOINTS
52
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Some minerals in the blood—principally, calcium and phosphorus—are stored in bone. Should blood levels of these minerals decrease, the minerals are released from bone into the blood. Adipose tissue is also stores
d within bone cavities. If needed, the lipids are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy.
STORAGE
53
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Many bones contain cavities filled with re bone marrow, which produces blood cells and platelets
BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
54
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
COLLAGEN
PROTEOGLYCANS
55
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- A tough, rope-like protein
COLLAGEN
56
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- Large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins, similar to the way needles of a pine tree are attached to the tree’s branches. Can attract and retain large amounts of water between their polysaccharide ‘’needles”
PROTEOGLYCANS
57
The extracellular matrix of ________ and ________ contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables.
TENDONS and LIGAMENTS
58
The extracellular matrix of ___________ contains collagen and proteoglycans. Collagen makes it tough whereas water filled proteoglycans make it smooth and resilient
CARTILAGE
59
Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called
HYDROXYAPATITE
60
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
LONG BONE
SHORT BONE
FLAT BONE
IRREGULAR BONE
61
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- Longer than they are wide
Ex. Upper and Lower Limbs
LONG BONE
62
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- Approximately as wide as they are long.
Ex. Wrist and Ankle
SHORT BONE
63
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- Relatively thin, flattened shape.
Ex. certain parts of the Skull, Ribs, Scapulae, and Sternum
FLAT BONE
64
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- Have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories.
Ex. Vertebrae, Facial bones
IRREGULAR BONE
65
STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
- Long bone serves as a useful model for illustrating the parts of a typical bone ends
EPIPHYSIS (growing upon)
66
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- A thin layer that covers the ends of the epiphysis where the bone articulates with other bones.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
67
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- A long bone that is still growing has ________ composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and diaphysis.
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (growth plate)
68
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BONE
- When the bone growth stops, the cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaces by bone and becomes ______________
EPIPHYSEAL LINE
69
Bone contain cavities, such as the large __________________ in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphysis of long bones and in the interior of other bones.
MEDULLARY CAVITY
70
Consists of blood forming cells and is the only site of blood formation in adults.
RED MARROW
71
Most of the outer surface of bone is covered by dense connective tissue, which consists of two layers and contains blood vessels and nerves
PERIOSTEUM
(perio = around)
72
The surface of medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane
ENDOSTEUM
(endo = inside)
73
Each long bone consists of a central shaft and two histology bones.
DIAPHYSIS (growing between)
74
The periosteum and endosteum contain ____________, which function in the formation of bone, as well as in the repair and remodeling of bone.
OSTEOBLASTS (bone forming cells)
75
When osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix, they are called
OSTEOCYTES (bone cells)
76
Present and contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone.
OSTEOCLASTS (bone eating cells)
77
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called ____________, with osteocytes located between the lamellae within spaces called, ________________
LAMELLAE and LACUNAE
78
Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called
CANA-LICULI (little canal)
79
Bone tissue found throughout the skeleton is divided into two major types, based on the histological structure. This is mostly composed of solid matrix and cells.
COMPOUND BONE
80
Bone tissue found throughout the skeleton is divided into two major types, based on the histological structure. Consists of a lacy network of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces.
SPONGY BONE
81
Forms most of the diaphysis of a long bone and the thinner surfaces of all other bones.
COMPACT BONE
82
Compact bone has a predictable pattern of repeating units. These units are called
OSTEONS
83
Each osteon consists of concentric rings of lamellae surrounding
CENTRAL CANAL (haversian canal )
84
Located mainly in the epiphysis of long bones. It forms the interior of all other bones.
SPONGY BONE
85
Spongy bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone, which resemble the beams or scaffolding of a building.
TRABECULAE
86
The formation of bone by osteoblasts. After an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by bone matrix, it becomes a mature bone cell, or osteocyte.
OSSIFICATION
87
Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes. This occurs primarily in the bones of the skull.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
88
Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae. The process begins in areas called _______________, and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers.
OSSIFICATION CENTERS
89
The bones at the base of the skull and most of the remaining skeletal system develop through the process of ______________ from cartilage models
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
90
The cartilage models have the general shape of the mature bone. During endochondral ossification, cartilage cells called ____________, increase in number, enlarge and die.
CHONDROCYTES
91
The center part of the diaphysis, where bone first begins to appear, is called ________________
PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER
92
A medullary cavity forms in the center of the diaphysis as osteoclasts remove bone and calcified cartilage, which are replaced by bone marrow. Later, ______________ form in the epiphysis
SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS
93
Occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.
BONE GROWTH
94
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter.
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
95
Involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.
BONE REMODELING
96
Responsible for changes in bone shape, the adjustment of bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation in the body fluids. Also involved in bone growth when newly formed spongy bone in the epiphyseal plate forms compact bone.
REMODELING
97
Major storage site for calcium in the body, and movement of calcium into and out of bone helps determine blood calcium levels, which is critical for normal muscle and nervous system function.
BONE
