Anatomical Terminology Flashcards by Eros Stear

Q

The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.

A

ANATOMY

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Q

This term masons to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study.

A

ANATOMY

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Q

This includes the structure of body parts, their microscopic organization, and the processes by which they develop.

A

ANATOMY

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Q

TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY

A

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

REGIONAL ANATOMY

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Q

TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY

Study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. It is the approach taken in this and most introductory textbooks.

A

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

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Q

TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY

The study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in most medical and dental schools.

A

REGIONAL ANATOMY

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES

A

SAGITTAL PLANE
TRANSVERSE PLAEN (HORIZONTAL PLANE)
FRONTAL PLANE (CORONAL PLANE
OBLIQUE PLANE

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES

Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts. A median plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

A

SAGITTAL PLANE

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES

Runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

A

TRANSVERSE PLANE / HORIZONTAL PLANE

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES

Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

A

FRONTAL PLANE / CORONAL PLANE

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES

Runs in different angular levels.

A

OBLIQUE PLANE

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES

A

THORACIC CAVITY
MEDIASTINUM
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES

Surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm.

A

THORACIC CAVITY

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES

Partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side.

A

MEDIASTINUM

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES

Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.

A

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES

A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.

A

PELVIC CAVITY

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Q

It is conceptually useful to discuss the body in reference to a series of planes (imaginary flat surfaces) passing through it. Sectioning the body is a way to “look inside” and observe the body’s structure.

A

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES : PLANES

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Q

Contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.

A

TRUNK

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Q

Often subdivided superficially into four sections, or quadrants by two imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical—that intersect the navel.

A

ABDOMEN

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Q

The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines—two horizontal and two vertical, The four lines create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen, resulting in nine regions: Epigastric, Right and left hypochondriac, Umbilical, Right and left Lumbar Hypogastric, and Right and left Iliac

A

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: QUADRANT

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION

Toward the body’s right side

A

TERM

RIGHT

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION

Toward the body’s left side

A

TERM

LEFT

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION

Below

A

TERM

INFERIOR

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Q

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION

Above

A

TERM

SUPERIOR

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Toward the front of the body.

TERM - ANTERIOR

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Toward the back of the body

POSTERIOR

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Toward the back (synonymous with the posterior)

TERM - DORSAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Toward the belly (synonymous with the anterior)

TERM - VENTRAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Closer to a point of attachment

PROXIMAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Farther from a long of attachment

TERM - DISTAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Away from the midline of the body.

TERM - LATERAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Toward the middle or midline of the body

TERM - MEDIAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Toward or on the surface

TERM - SUPERFICIAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION - Away from the surface, internal

TERM - DEEP

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Lower

INFERIOR

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Higher

SUPERIOR

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - To go before

ANTERIOR

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Posterus, following

POSTERIOR

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Dorsum, back

DORSAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Venter, belly

VENTRAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Proximus, nearest

PROXIMAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - di + sto, to be distant

DISTAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Latus, side

LATERAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Medialis, middle

MEDIAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Superficialis, surface

SUPERFICIAL

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS ETYMOLOGY - Deop, deep

DEEP

The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.

PHYSIOLOGY

It is primarily focused on the regulation; sustenance and control of the changes in the human body. It is important to recognized structures as dynamic rather than fixed and unchanging.

PHYSIOLOGY

MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY

- TO UNDERSTAND AND PREDICT THE BODY’S RESPONSES TO STIMULI - TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE BODY MAINTAINS CONDITIONS WITHIN A NARROW RANGE OF VALUES IN THE PRESENCE OF CONTINUALLY CHANGING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS.

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

CHEMICAL LEVEL CELL LEVEL TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM LEVEL

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. It involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

CHEMICAL LEVEL

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - The basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals. Molecules can combine to form organelles, which are the small structures that make up some cells.

CELL LEVEL

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. It makes up the body and are classified into four primary types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

TISSUE LEVEL

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform knee or more common functions. The Urinary bladder, Skin, Stomach, and Heart are examples of this.

ORGAN LEVEL

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - A system that is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.

ORGAN SYSTEM

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

ORGANISM LEVEL

A complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another.

HUMAN ORGANISM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CARDIOVASCUALAR SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails, And Sweat glands

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of Bones, associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of Muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combat disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats rom the digestive tract. Consists of the Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, and other Lymphatic organs

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulate blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of Digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory Organs.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, and Sensory receptors

NERVOUS SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and may other functions. Consists of Glands, such as the Pituitary, that secrete hormones

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature. Consists of the Heart, Blood vessels, and Blood

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance , and water balance. Consists of the Kidneys, Urinary bladder, and Ducts that carry urine

URINARY SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Produces oocytes, and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary glands, and associated structures

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS - Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the Testes, Accessory structures, Ducts, and Penis

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The maintenance of a variable, such as body temperature, around an ideal normal value, or set point. The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point to establish a normal range of values.

HOMEOSTASIS

Sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point. Mainly governed by the nervous system or the endocrine system.

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

This aren't able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point. Instead, body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point, producing a normal range of values. As long s body temperatures remain within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained.

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM

- The maintenance of normal body temperature is an example of ________ because it reverts or counteracts any excess or abnormal state of the body to maintain acceptable optimal values. This has 3 components: 1. Receptor 2. Control center 3. Effector

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER EFFECTOR

3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM - Monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature.

RECEPTOR

3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM - Part of the brain, establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained.

CONTROL CENTER

3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM - The sweat glands, can change the value of the variable. A changed variable is a stimulus because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.

EFFECTOR

- It occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response. In other words, the deviation from the set point becomes even greater. This type of response is required to re-achieve homeostasis. Ex. During blood loss, a chemical responsible for clot formation stimulates productions of itself. In this way, a disruption in homeostasis is resolved through this mechanism.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY

BLOOD CLOTTING BIRTH BLOOD PRESSURE BLOOD PRODUCTION

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY - Increased blood flow, increase clotting rate

BLOOD CLOTTING

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY - Increased cervical opening, as oxytocin-release increases

BIRTH

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY - Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

BLOOD PRESSURE

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY - After blood release incidents.

BLOOD PRODUCTION