Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
ANATOMY
This term masons to dissect or cut apart and separate the parts of the body for study.
ANATOMY
This includes the structure of body parts, their microscopic organization, and the processes by which they develop.
ANATOMY
TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
REGIONAL ANATOMY
TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY
- Study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. It is the approach taken in this and most introductory textbooks.
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY
- The study of the organization of the body by areas. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. This is the approach taken in most medical and dental schools.
REGIONAL ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES
SAGITTAL PLANE
TRANSVERSE PLAEN (HORIZONTAL PLANE)
FRONTAL PLANE (CORONAL PLANE
OBLIQUE PLANE
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES
- Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts. A median plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
SAGITTAL PLANE
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES
- Runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
TRANSVERSE PLANE / HORIZONTAL PLANE
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES
- Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
FRONTAL PLANE / CORONAL PLANE
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: PLANES
- Runs in different angular levels.
OBLIQUE PLANE
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES
THORACIC CAVITY
MEDIASTINUM
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES
- Surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm.
THORACIC CAVITY
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES
- Partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side.
MEDIASTINUM
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES
- Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: CAVITIES
- A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
PELVIC CAVITY
It is conceptually useful to discuss the body in reference to a series of planes (imaginary flat surfaces) passing through it. Sectioning the body is a way to “look inside” and observe the body’s structure.
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES : PLANES
Contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.
TRUNK
Often subdivided superficially into four sections, or quadrants by two imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical—that intersect the navel.
ABDOMEN
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines—two horizontal and two vertical, The four lines create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen, resulting in nine regions: Epigastric, Right and left hypochondriac, Umbilical, Right and left Lumbar Hypogastric, and Right and left Iliac
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: QUADRANT
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the body’s right side
TERM
- RIGHT
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the body’s left side
TERM
- LEFT
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Below
TERM
- INFERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Above
TERM
- SUPERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the front of the body.
TERM
- ANTERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the back of the body
POSTERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the back (synonymous with the posterior)
TERM
- DORSAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the belly (synonymous with the anterior)
TERM
- VENTRAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Closer to a point of attachment
PROXIMAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Farther from a long of attachment
TERM
- DISTAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Away from the midline of the body.
TERM
- LATERAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward the middle or midline of the body
TERM
- MEDIAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Toward or on the surface
TERM
- SUPERFICIAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
DEFINITION
- Away from the surface, internal
TERM
- DEEP
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Lower
INFERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Higher
SUPERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- To go before
ANTERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Posterus, following
POSTERIOR
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Dorsum, back
DORSAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Venter, belly
VENTRAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Proximus, nearest
PROXIMAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- di + sto, to be distant
DISTAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Latus, side
LATERAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Medialis, middle
MEDIAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Superficialis, surface
SUPERFICIAL
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES: DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ETYMOLOGY
- Deop, deep
DEEP
The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
PHYSIOLOGY
It is primarily focused on the regulation; sustenance and control of the changes in the human body. It is important to recognized structures as dynamic rather than fixed and unchanging.
PHYSIOLOGY
MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY
- TO UNDERSTAND AND PREDICT THE BODY’S RESPONSES TO STIMULI
- TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE BODY MAINTAINS CONDITIONS WITHIN A NARROW RANGE OF VALUES IN THE PRESENCE OF CONTINUALLY CHANGING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS.
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELL LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM LEVEL
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup. It involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
CHEMICAL LEVEL
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- The basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals. Molecules can combine to form organelles, which are the small structures that make up some cells.
CELL LEVEL
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue. It makes up the body and are classified into four primary types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.
TISSUE LEVEL
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform knee or more common functions. The Urinary bladder, Skin, Stomach, and Heart are examples of this.
ORGAN LEVEL
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- A system that is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions. For example, the urinary system consists of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.
ORGAN SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
ORGANISM LEVEL
A complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another.
HUMAN ORGANISM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCUALAR SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails, And Sweat glands
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
Consists of Bones, associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Consists of Muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combat disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats rom the digestive tract.
Consists of the Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, and other Lymphatic organs
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulate blood pH.
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of Digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Consists of the Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory Organs.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Consists of the Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, and Sensory receptors
NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and may other functions.
Consists of Glands, such as the Pituitary, that secrete hormones
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature.
Consists of the Heart, Blood vessels, and Blood
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance , and water balance.
Consists of the Kidneys, Urinary bladder, and Ducts that carry urine
URINARY SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Produces oocytes, and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Consists of the Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary glands, and associated structures
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of the Testes, Accessory structures, Ducts, and Penis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The maintenance of a variable, such as body temperature, around an ideal normal value, or set point. The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
HOMEOSTASIS
Sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point. Mainly governed by the nervous system or the endocrine system.
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
This aren’t able to maintain body temperature precisely at the set point. Instead, body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point, producing a normal range of values. As long s body temperatures remain within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained.
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM
- The maintenance of normal body temperature is an example of ________ because it reverts or counteracts any excess or abnormal state of the body to maintain acceptable optimal values.
This has 3 components:
1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
EFFECTOR
3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
- Monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature.
RECEPTOR
3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
- Part of the brain, establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained.
CONTROL CENTER
3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
- The sweat glands, can change the value of the variable. A changed variable is a stimulus because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.
EFFECTOR
- It occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response. In other words, the deviation from the set point becomes even greater. This type of response is required to re-achieve homeostasis.
Ex. During blood loss, a chemical responsible for clot formation stimulates productions of itself. In this way, a disruption in homeostasis is resolved through this mechanism.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY
BLOOD CLOTTING
BIRTH
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRODUCTION
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY
- Increased blood flow, increase clotting rate
BLOOD CLOTTING
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY
- Increased cervical opening, as oxytocin-release increases
BIRTH
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY
- Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
BLOOD PRESSURE
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN BODY
- After blood release incidents.
BLOOD PRODUCTION