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SEMESTER 1 EXAM > Skeletal System Exam Revision > Flashcards

Skeletal System Exam Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 functions/purpose of the skeletal system

A

Provides body with a framework to suspend muscles and organs

Provides: protection and support

Contains Joints which create movement.

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2
Q

What attaches muscle to a bone

A

Tendons

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3
Q

What type of tissue is a tendon

A

Connective Tissue

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4
Q

What can be found inside a bone and name the 2 types

A

Bone Marrow
Red and Yellow

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5
Q

What does red bone marrow produce

A

ALL cells

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6
Q

Name 3 types of cells produced in the red bone marrow

A

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes

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7
Q

What is the main type of blood cancer

A

Leukaemia

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8
Q

What is a common symptom of blood cancers

A

Bone Pain

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9
Q

Which parts of the skeleton contain red bone marrow (name 2)

A

Axial Skeleton
Apendicular skeleton

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10
Q

What does the skeleton provide a large surface area for

A

Mineral Homeostasis

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11
Q

Name 3 minerals found in the skeleton

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus

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12
Q

Describe 3 properties of bone

A

Living
Has rich blood supply
Strong but flexible

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13
Q

What can be found/is stored in Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Triglycerides (Fats)

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14
Q

What type of cells are ALL bone cells

A

Osteogenic Cells

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15
Q

What process do bone cells undergo to reproduce/replicate.

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

What is the name for an immature bone building cell

A

OsteoBlast

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17
Q

What is the name for a mature bone cell

A

Osteocyte

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18
Q

Name 2 substances that Osteoblasts secrete

A

Collagen
Bony Matrix

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19
Q

What is the name of the bone cell responsible for breaking down of bone

A

Osteoclast

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20
Q

What do Osteoclasts contain which help to break down the bone matrix

A

Lots of Lysosomes

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21
Q

What happens on a cellular level if some experiences Osteoporosis

A

Too much osteoclast activity compared to osteoblast activity.

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22
Q

Name 2 things which contribute to bone building activity

A

Weight bearing exercises stimulates osteoblast activity

Sex Hormones - Oestrogen

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23
Q

Give another risk factors for developing Osteoporosis (aside from age)

A

Trauma eg fractures or surgery

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24
Q

Give an example Type and name of a bone where Compact Bone can be found

A

Long Bone - Femur

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25
Q

Name 2 features of compact Bone.

A

Always on outside of bone
Strong

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26
Q

What is the double layered membrane called of compact bone

A

Periosteum

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27
Q

Looking at a femur - name the two parts - both ends and shaft

A

Epiphysis (ends) and Diaphysis (Long shaft)

28
Q

What does the distal epiphysis mean

A

Farthest away

29
Q

Name 2 hormones which stimulate bone development

A

Growth Hormone
Thyroid Hormone

30
Q

Other than Growth Hormone and Thyroid hormone name others which can impact on bone development.

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen

31
Q

Name the location on a bone which synthesises bone from cartiledge cells

A

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

32
Q

What does the Epiphyseal Growth Plate do

A

Causes a bone to get longer

33
Q

Explain how a bone can get thicker - ie the process

A

By using Osteoblasts in the Periosteum

34
Q

Define Gout

A

Uric acid crystal deposits in synovial joints

35
Q

Who is most prone to Gout

A

Men over 40 years

36
Q

Describe the process by which Gout forms in the body

A

Uric acid crystals form on cartilage surfaces.
White Blood Cells activate acute inflammation

37
Q

What can you expect to see in blood tests from someone suffering with Gout

A

HyperUricaemia: an elevated level of uric acid in the blood

38
Q

Name 2 causes of HyperUricaemia

A

Overproduction of Uric acid
Underexcretion of Uric acid

39
Q

Name a dietary cause of Gout

A

High intake of purine rich foods

40
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Gout

A

Painful/Red/Hot/Swollen Joints
Shiny skin over joint
Monoarticular (one joint)

41
Q

Name a common joint which can be affected by Gout

A

Big Toe

42
Q

What is a Tophi - in Gout

A

Urate crystal deposit causing a nodule under the skin

43
Q

Name 2 Allopathic Treatments for Gout

A

Allopuronol
Corticosteriod Injections

44
Q

Name 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

45
Q

Name 2 striated muscle types

A

Cardiac
Skeletal

46
Q

Is Smooth muscle striated or non striated

A

Non striated

47
Q

Name a type of voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal

48
Q

Name 2 types of Involuntary muscles

A

Cardiac

49
Q

What type of disease is Osteoarthritis (what causes)

A

Degenerative - wear and tear

50
Q

What type of disease is Rheumatoid Arthritis (causes)

A

Autoimmune

51
Q

What tissues are affected in Osteoarthritis

A

Articular Cartilage

52
Q

What tissues are affected in Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Synovial Membrane

53
Q

What types of joint are affected in Osteoarthritis

A

Large weight bearing joints eg Hip and Knee

54
Q

What types of joint are affected in Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Any synovial joints (systemic)

55
Q

What is the age of onset for Osteoarthritis

A

50 plus

56
Q

What is the age of onset for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

30 to 50

57
Q

Does Osteoarthritis affect both sides

A

No - asymmetrical

58
Q

Does Rhueumatoid Arthritis affect both sides

A

Yes - symmetrical

59
Q

What can you expect to see on radiology tests for Osteoarthritis

A

Narrowed joint space and osteophytes

60
Q

What can you expect to see on radiology tests for Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Bone erosions on x ray

61
Q

What will blood tests find for osteoarthritis

A

Nothing Abnormal

62
Q

What will blood tests find for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Raised CRP levels
Raised ESR levels (rheumatoid factor)

63
Q

Name 4 signs and symptoms of Osteo arthritis

A

Gradual onset: months or years to develop

Morning stiffness: less than 30 minutes

Joints become disformed: eg distal fingers

No systemic symptoms

Bone spurs form

64
Q

Name 4 signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Bi-lateral/symmetrical joint pain: hands and feet mostly (small joints)

Morning stiffness:
more than 1 hour

Deformities occur:
Swans neck fingers

Systemic Symptoms:
Weight loss, fatigue

Subcutaneous Nodules

65
Q

Name 2 triggers for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

HLA-DR4 and DR1 gene
Environmental Triggers

SEMESTER 1 EXAM (3 decks)

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