Skeletal System and Basic Anatomy Flashcards
Development by replacement of hyaline cartilage plate
Endochondral ossification
Long bones
Shaft composed of thick tube of compact bone that encloses the marrow cavity
Diaphysis
Two ends of bones expanded articular ends separated from shaft by epiphyseal plate during bone growth and composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
Epiphyses
Part of diaphysis adjacent to epiphyses, the growth zone between diaphysis and epiphyses during bone development
Metaphysis
Two layers of compact bone enclosing spongy bone and marrow space called diploe
Flat bones
Ribs, sternum, scapula, vault bones
Carpal and tarsal type of bone
Short
Skull, vertebrae, coxa type of bone
Mostly spongy enveloped by thin outer layer of compact bone
Irregular bone
Gradual softening of bone due to failure of bone to calcify because of lack of Vit D or renal tubular dysfunction
Osteomalacia
Decreased calcification of bone or reduced bone mass due to inadequate osteoid synthesis
Osteopenia
Age related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures of hip, vertebra, wrist
Bone resorption outweighs bone formation
Osteoporosis
Abnormally dense bone obliterating marrow cavity due to defective RESORPTION of immature bone
Osteopetrosis
Nerve supplying joint also supplies muscles that move the joint and skin covering the insertion of such muscles
Hilton’s law
Joined by fibrous tissue
No joint cavity
Permit little movement
Fibrous joint or Synarthroses
Ex: suture, syndesmoses
Connected by CT and found between flat bones of skull
Suture
Connected by fibrous CT
Occurs as inferior tibiofibular tympanostapedial syndesmoses
Syndesmoses
United by cartilage
No joint cavity
Cartilaginous joints
Ex: primary or synchondroses and secondary (symphyses)
United by hyaline cartilage
No movement
GROWS in length
Inclides epiphyseal cartilage plates (epi and dia) and sphenooccipital and manubriosternal
Primary cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses
Joined by fibrocartilage and are slightly moveable joints
Include pubic and intervertebral disks
Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
Symphyses
Permit great degree of free movement
Has joint cavity, articular hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane producing synovial fluid and articular capsule
Synovial joint
Diarthrodial
Two flat articular surfaces allowing simple GLIDING or SLIDING or one bone over the other
Ex:
Plane Gliding joints
Proximal tibiofibular, intertarsal, intercarpal, intermetacarpal, CMC, SC, AC
Resemble door hinge
Allow flexion and extension
Ex:
Hinge joint
Ginglymus
Elbow, ankle, IP
Formed by central bony pivot turning within a bony ring and allow only rotation
Ex:
Pivot joint
Trochoid
Superior and interior radioulnar joint
Atlanto Axial joint
Two convex condyles articulating two concave condyles
Ellipsoidal articulation
Allow flexion, extension
Ex:
Condylar joint
Ellipsoidal
radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, tibiofemoral and Atlanto-Occipital joint
Resemble saddle on horse’s back and allow flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction but no axial rotation
Ex:
Saddle joint
Sellar
CMC joint of thumb
Femur and patella
Reception of globular ball like head into a cup shaped cavity and allow movement in many directions
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, IR and ER and circumduction
Ex:
Ball-and-socket joint
Spheroidal or Cotyloid joint
Shoulder and hip joint
Leakge of blood from blood vessel normally carrying richly oxygenated blood
Pulmonary artery
or
Pulmonary vein?
Pulmonary vein
Contain multipolar neurons
Ventral
Lateral and
Dorsal horns
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Contains unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons
DRG
GSE
Postganglionic sympathetic GVE
GVA
GSA
cell bodies of these fibers are located in the
anterior horn
sympathetic chain ganglia
DRG
Consist of unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons with NO synapse
DRG
Most common synapse
Axosomatic
Axodendritic
Others: axoaxonal, dendrodendritic
Laceration at L4 spinal cord
Which structure is intact?
Lateral horn
Found in gray matter of SC between T1 and L2 and S2 and S4
Outer part of brain is composed of
Cortex gray matter, nerve cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia
Interior part of brain is composed of
White matter largely of axons form tracts or pathways and ventricles and filled with CSF
Spinal cord centrally has
Gray matter
Spinal cord peripherally has
White matter
Spinal cord ends at level of
with a structure named as
L2
(L1 and L2 in adult)
(L3 in newborn)
Conus medullaris
Have motor fibers with cell bodies within CNS and sensory fibers with cell bodies that form sensory ganglia outside CNS
Cranial nerves
All cranial nerves emerge from ventral aspect of brain except
Trochlear nerve
Spinal nerves
31 pairs
8-12-5-5-1
Formed from dorsal and ventral roots
Each dorsal root has a ganglion within the IV foramen
Spinal nerves
Spinal nerves are connected with the sympathetic chain ganglia by
Rami communicantes
Spinal nerves contain sensory fibers with cell bodies in the
DRG (GSA, GVA)
Spinal nerves contain motor fibers with cell bodies in the
Anterior horn of spinal cord (GSE)
Lateral horn of spinal cord (GVE) between T1 and L2
Spinal nerves are divided into
Ventral and dorsal primary rami
Enter into formation of plexus (cervical, brachial, lumbosacral)
Ventral primary
Innervate skin and deep muscles of the back
Dorsal primary
Transmit pain, temp, touch and proprioception from the body to the CNS
GSA
Carry motor impulses to the skeletal muscles of the body
GSE
Carry sensory impulses from visceral organs to the CNS
GVA
Transmit motor impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular tissue
GVE (Autonomic Nerves)
Convey special sensory impulses of vision, hearing and equilibration to CNS
Special Somatic Afferent
Transmit smell and taste sensation to CNS
Special Visceral Afferent
Conduct motor impulses to muscles of head and neck
Branchiometric structures such as muscles of mastication, muscles for facial expression and muscles for elevation of the pharynx and movement of the larnyx
Special Visceral Efferent
Sympathetic NS
Thoracolumbar
Parasymapthetic outflow
Craniosacral
Preganglionic nerve cell bodies of SNS are located in the
Preganglionic fibers pass through ventral root, spinal nerves and white rami communicantes
Enter adjacent sympathetic chain ganglia or run further through splanchnic nerves to synapse in collateral ganglia located along the major abdominal blood vessels
Lateral horn of thoracic and upper lumbar level (L2 or L1-L3)
Post ganglionic fibers of SNS from the ganglia return to spinal nerves by way
of gray rami communicantes and supply skin with secretory fibers to sweat glands, motor fibers to smooth muscles of hair follicles (arrectores pilorum) and vasomotor fibers to blood vessels
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from
Brainstem cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (1973) and sacral part of spinal cord (S2,S3,S4)
Parasympathetic nerve fibers have
preganglionic fibers
and
postganglionic fibers
Long preganglionic fibers
Short postganglionic fibers
SNS liberate
and are classified
NE except sweat glands
Adrenergic
PNS liberate
and are classified
Acetylcholine
Cholinergic
