Skeletal System Flashcards
Functions of SKELETAL system
✓ Support
✓ Protection
✓ Movement
✓ Storage for Mineral (mainly)
• especially CALCIUM and PHOSPATE
✓ Blood production (Hematopoiesis)
✓ Fat storageMost calcium in our body stores in?
✓ Bone tissues
Blood production @?
Fat storage @?
✓ RED bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis (blood production)
✓ YELLOW bone marrow
• FAT storage
How many bones in adult?
How many axial and appendicular bones?
How many skull bones?
How many facial and cranial bones?
✓ 206 bones
• 22 SKULL bones
° 14 FACIAL bones
° 8 CRANIAL bones
✓ 80 axial bones (central/gitna/axis)
✓ 126 appendicular bones
Weakest point in the skull?
✓ PTERION
• WEAKEST point in skull
• mabilis madamage
Pterion is made up of what bones?
Asterion is made up of?
✓ PTERION (PFST)
• Parietal
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Temporal
✓ ASTERION (TOP)
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Parietal
Bones of newborn
Bones of adult
Skeletal muscles of adult
✓ 270-350 bones in NEWBORN (not definite).
✓ 206 BONES in ADULT
✓ 650 SKELETAL muscles in ADULT
Types of bones
✓ Long bones ✓ Short bones ✓ Flat bones ✓ Irregular bones ✓ Sesamoid bones
Limbs is what type of bones
✓ Long bones - Limb
Carpals is what type of bone
Mnemonics for proximal and dstal row
✓ Short bones - Carpal
Stop Letting Those People
Touch The Cadaver’s Hand
(Proximal to Distal row) ; (Lateral to Medial) PDLM
PROXIMAL Row ✓ Scaphoid ✓ Lunate ✓ Triquetrum ✓ Pisiform
DISTAL Row ✓ Trapezium ✓ Trapezoid ✓ Capitate ✓ Hamate
Tarsal mnemonics
Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Coners
✓ Talus ✓ Calcaneus ✓ Navicular ✓ Third Cuneiform ✓ Second Cuneiform ✓ First Cuneiform ✓ Cuboid
Tiger Cubs Need MILC ✓ Talus ✓ Calcaneus ✓ Navicular ✓ Middle Cuneiform ✓ Intermediate Cuneiform ✓ Lateral Cuneiform ✓ Cuboid
Examples of flat bones ( Give 4)
Flat bones (SSSR) ✓ Scapula ✓ Sternum ✓ Skull ✓ Ribs
Samples of irregular bones (give 1)
Irregular bones
✓ Vertebrae
How many vertebrae in adults and children
How many sacrum and coccyx in children
✓ 26 adults
✓ 33 children because of Sacrum and Coccyx
✓ Sacrum - 5
✓ Coccyx - 4
Type of bone that grows in a tendon or a ligament
✓ Sesamoid bone
• type of bone that grows in a tendon or ligament
• PATELLA
Patella is what tyoe of bone?
✓ PATELLA - SESAMOID BONE
Spongy bone that is sandwich by compact bone?
✓ DIPLOE
• Spongy bone that is sandwich by compact bone?
Best example of diploe?
DIPLOE
✓ FLAT BONES of SKULL
Sternal angle is what type of cartilage?
✓ Sternal angle - FIBROCARTILAGE
Cells found in bone tissues
✓ Osteogenic / Osteoprogenitor cells
✓ Osteoblasts
✓ Osteocytes
✓ Osteoclasts
Only bone cell that can undergo CELL DIVISION / MITOSIS
✓ OSTEOGENIC or OSTEOPROGENITOR cells
• bone stem cell that undergo MITOSIS
• only bone cell that can undergo cell division
• SOURCE of NEW BONE
• found along PERIOSTEUM and ENDOSTEUM
If bone is detach from periosteum, would you remove it or preserve?
✓ If bone is DETACH from PERIOSTEUM
• REMOVE it bc it will lead to NECROSIS
✓ If bone is still ATTACHED to PERIOSTEUM,
• you can PRESERVE / OBSERVE
Bone cell for bone formation / deposition
✓ Osteoblast
• for bone formation or deposition
• came from OSTEOGENIC CELLS
*Osteogenic cells transform into Osteoblast
Secretes bone matrix called osteoid
✓ Osteoblasts
• for bone formation or deposition
• came from OSTEOGENIC CELLS
• secretes BONE MATRIX called OSTEOID
• synthesize and secrete COLLAGEN fibers and MINERALS
Bone matrix
✓ OSTEOID
• bone matrix
• semi-fluid material
OB ; Osteoid ( may fluid ) ; then CALCIUM and PHOSPHATE will go to osteoid ——-> then it will become BONE
What is the difference between osteoid and bone?
✓ Bone is HIGHLY mineralized ; Osteoid is non-mineralized
Mature bone cells/osteoblast that maintains the bone
✓ OSTEOCYTES
• Mature bone cells/osteoblast that maintains the bone
Osteocytes is found in space called?
Osteoclasts is found in space called?
✓ Osteocytes - LACUNAE
✓ Osteoclast - HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE
Phagocytes or macrophage of bone
✓ Osteoclasts
• Phagocytes or macrophage of bone
• for bone DESTRUCTION or bone RESORPTION
• found in HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE
Strongest form of bone
✓ Compact bone
• strongest form of bones
Spongy bone other term
✓ Spongy bone
• Trabecullar bone / Spongy bone
Found @ center of haversian system or osteon?
✓ Haversian canal ✓ Neurovasvular Bundle ✓ Blood vessels ✓ Nerves ✓ Arteris
Immature bone that is fibrous is called?
As the bone matures, it will become?
✓ WOVEN bone
• immature bone that is fibrous
• ⬆️ FIBERS ; ⬇️ minerals
• assoc. with CHILDREN
✓ LAMELLAR bone
• ⬇️ fibers ; ⬆️ MINERAL
• As the bone matures, nagigin lamellar
• Adults
Canals perpendicular to haversian canal (2 terms)
✓ VOLKMANN’S canal or
✓ PERFORATING canal
• canal perpendicular to haversian canal
Other name for alveolar bone proper?
✓ Bundle bone or
✓ CRIBRIFORM plate
Bone immediately adjacent to the roots of tooth
Clinically (3 terms)
Radiographically
✓ Alveolar bone proper or Bundle bone or Cribriform plate
✓ Lamina Dura - RO
Dental condition assoc. With absence of lamina dura?
Medical condition assoc. With absence of lamina dura?
✓ Periodontitis
• xxx Lamina dura
✓ HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
• xxx lamina dura
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
• ⬆️ Parathyroid hormone
• ⬆️ blood calcium levels
• excessive calcium
Eh yung PTH, nag-iinduce siya ng bone resorption. Kumbaga sa bone kukunin yung calcium para dumami calcium sa blood.
So ang nangyayari nalulusaw yung bone or yung lamina dura
Bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum
✓ CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA
• bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum
Outer or Inner Circumferential lamellae
Lines the medullary cavity or bone marrow cavity
Peneterated by sharpey’s fibers
✓ CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA
• bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum
✓ OUTER CL
• Peneterated by sharpey’s fibers
• immediately adjacent sa tooth
✓ INNER CL
• Lines the medullary cavity or bone marrow cavity
• medyo paloob na ng bone marrow cavity
Ligament embedded within the bone
✓ Sharpey’s fibers
•Ligament embedded within the bone
Nakikita sa OUTER CL
Characteristics of sharpeys fiber?
Sharpey’s fiber
• HIGHLY MINERALIZED ligament bc nasa bone so nakakakuha siya mineral sa bone
Parts of long bone
✓ Diaphysis ✓ Epiphysis ✓ Metaphysis ✓ Articular cartilage ✓ Periosteum ✓ endosteum ✓ Medullary cavity
Shaft of long bone
END of long bone
Part of long bone that contains bone marrow
✓ DIAPHYSIS - SHAFT
✓ EPIPHYSIS
• END of long bone
• Part of long bone that contains BONE MARROW
B/w diaphysis and epiphysis
✓ METAPHYSIS
Articulating surface ; creates contact to another bone
✓ ARTICULATING cartilage
• creates contact to ANOTHER bone
• articulating surface
Source of osteoprogenitor cellls
Lining of medullary cavity
✓PERIOSTEUM and ENDOSTEUM
• Source of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells
✓ PERIOSTEUM
• DENSE irregular tissue
• Source of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells
✓ ENDOSTEUM
• Lining of medullary cavity
• source of osteoprogenitor cells
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity contains
✓ RED bone marrow ( FETUS)
✓ YELLOW bone marrow (ADULTS)
Extractin of max. 3rd molar (8). Fracture of max tuberosity. Fractured bone is attached to periosteum. What is TOC?
✓ STABILIZED the bone using SUTURES
since still attached pa
Age of organism from day of fertilization –> implantation
Day of implantation —> 8 weeks of development
8 weeks —> birth
✓ Zygote
• Age of organism from day of fertilization –> implantation
✓ Embryo
• Day of implantation —> 8 weeks of development
✓ Fetus
• 8 weeks —> birth
Blood production?
✓ Hematopoiesis
Site of hematopoiesis for EMRYO?
Site of hematopoiesis for FETUS?
Site of hematopoiesis after BIRTH?
✓ YOLK SAC ; BLOOD ISLANDS
• Hematopoiesis of EMRYO
✓ LIVER ; also SPLEEN and LYMPH NODE
• Hematopoiesis of FETUS
✓ RED BONE MARROW
• after BIRTH
*As we grow old, yung RED bone marrow sa long bones nagiging YELLOW bone marrow
Main bones inv. hematopoiesis in children?
Main bones inv. hematopoiesis in adults?
✓ LONG BONES
• children
✓ PELVIS ✓ SKULL ✓ STERNUM ✓ VERTEBRA • adult
2 types of bone formation
✓ Intramembranous
✓ Endochondral
Indirect bone growth
Direct bone growth
Intramembranous or Endochondral
Bones that are FIRST to be formed? I or E?
✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS
• DIRECT bone growth
• Bone stem cells directly transforms into bone
• Bones that are FIRST to be formed
✓ ENDOCHONDRAL
• INDIRECT bone growth - begins with cartilage b4 becoming bone
• HYALINE CARTILAGE muna then bone
What cartilage transforms into bone tissue?
✓ HYALINE CARTILAGE
• cartilage that transforms into bone tissue
• like epiphyseal plate
What is the first bone to form in the human body?
Intramembranous or Endochondral
What is the very first bone to form?
✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS
• first bone to form in the human body
✓ CLAVICLE
• very FIRST bone to form
• BOTH EC and IM
What is the most commonly fractured bone in human body?
✓ CLAVICLE
• very FIRST bone to form
• BOTH EC and IM
• MOST COMMONLY FRACTURED
First bones to develop???? I or E?
MOST BONES are formed by? I or E?
✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS yung FIRST bones to develop but
✓ ENDOCHONDRAL yung most bones
What bones undergo endochondral ossification?
✓ SPHENOID
✓ PETROUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE
✓ ETHMOID
✓ CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE
✓ OCCIPITAL BONE (BASILAR PART)
✓ LONG BONES OF LIMBS
✓ SHORT BONES OF LIMBS
It is a bat-shaped or butterfly shaped bone
✓ SPHENOID
• It is a bat-shaped or butterfly shaped bone
What is the hardest structure in head and neck?
✓ PETROUS part of temporal bone
What are the 2 parts of temporal bone ; Alin nasa inside and outside ; Alin yung via intramembranous and endochondral
✓ Squamous part - outside palpable ; INTRAMEMBRANOUS
✓ Petrous part - inside; yung pinakamatigas ; ENDOCHONRAL
Wallnut shaped bone?
✓ ETHMOID
• WALLNUT
Wjat part of mandible yung endochondral?
✓ CONDYLE
Wjat part of mandible yung endochondral?
✓ CONDYLE
2 parts of occipital bone? Alin intramembranous and endochondral?
✓ SQUAMOUS part - asa labas ; INTRAMEMBRANOUS
✓ BASILAR PART - inside ; ENDOCHONDRAL
Endochondral formations usually alin lumalabas boards
ENDOCHONDRAL
✓ Sphenoid
✓ Ethmoid
✓ Condyle
Most commonly fractured bone in human body?
Most commonly fracture facial bone?
✓ Clavicle - human body
✓ NASAL Bone - facial bone
Other term for nasal bone
Nasal bone in deficient in px with
✓ Nasal bone “Bridge of nose”
• most commonly fractured facial bone
DEFICIENT in patients with
✓ Down syndrome
✓ Achondroplasia / Achondroplastic dwarfism
Nose bleeding
Anong plexus yung nadadamage usually pag super init
Management if nose bleeding
✓ Epistaxis
• nose bleeding
✓ KIESSELBACH’S plexus
• “Little’s area” ; an ARTERY
✓ Cold compress for VC or yuko para magflow blood palabas
Strongest bone in head and neck?
Strongest bone in human body?
Smallest bone?
Strongest facial bone?
✓ PETROUS part of temporal bone
• head and neck
✓ FEMUR
• LONGEST and STRONGEST bone in human body kaya masakit pag sinipa
✓ STAPES
• smallest bone
✓ MANDIBLE
• strongest facial bone
Smallest muscle?
Smallest skeletal muscle?
✓ ARRECTOR pili muscle
• smallest muscle
• smooth muscle
✓ STAPEDIUS
• smallest skeletal muscle
Bone commonly fractured during CPR
Most commonly dislocated joint in children
Most commonly disclocated joint in adults
✓ Xiphoid process
• commonly fractured during cpr
✓ ELBOW JOINT
• CHILDREN
✓ SHOULDER JOINT
• ADULTS
Largest carpal bone
Head shape carpal bone
Boat shaped carpal bine
Most commonly fractured carpal bone
Largest tarsal bone
Boat shaped tarsal bone
Heel bone
Ankle bone
✓ CAPITATE
• LARGEST carpal bone
• HEAD - shape carpal bone
✓ SCAPHOID
• BOAT - shaped carpal bone
• most commonly FRACTURED carpal bone
✓ CALCANEUS / “HEEL BONE”
• LARGEST tarsal bone
✓ NAVICULAR
• BOAT - shaped tarsal bone
✓ CALCANEUS - heel bone
✓ TALUS - ankle bone
Superoposterior portion of nasal cavity contains?
What separates nasal cavity to left and right side
✓ OLFACTORY Receptors (CN I) sense of smell
• SUPEROPOSTERIOR portion of nasal cavity
✓ NASAL SEPTUM
• sep left and right side of NC
Nasal septum is made up of 3 structures
✓ Nasal septum
• separated right and left side of NC
Nasal septum is made up of :
✓ Vomer
✓ Perpendicular Plate Of Ethmoid
✓ Septal cartilage
• made up of HYALINE cartilage
Nasal septum is made up of 3 structures
✓ Nasal septum
• separated right and left side of NC
Nasal septum is made up of :
✓ Vomer
✓ Perpendicular Plate Of Ethmoid
✓ Septal cartilage
• made up of HYALINE cartilage
Nasal septum is deficient in px with
✓ Down syndrome
✓ Achondroplasia / Achindroplastic dwarfism
What is the curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity
✓ CONCHAS / TUBIRNATES
• curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity
• has MUCOUS that TRAPS air pollutants
✓ Superior, Middle, and Inferior Concha
Nasal passageway loc. Inferior to cinchas,m
✓ MEATUS
• PASSAGEWAY INFERIOR to conchas
✓ Sup Mid Inf meatus
Four paired air-filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity
✓ PARANASAL SINUSES
• 4 paired air-filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses is.line by what epith?
✓ RESPIRATORY epithelium
• paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus drains @?
✓ FRONTAL SINUS
• found in FRONTAL bone
• drains in INFUNDIBULUM towards HIATUS semilunaris of MIDDLE MEATUS
Infundibulum is funnel shaped
Largest paranasal sinus
✓ MAXILLARY sinus
Other term for maxillary sinus
Where does it drains
✓ Maxillary sinus or ANTHRUM OF HIGHMORE
• found in MAXILLARY bone
• LARGEST paranasal sinus
• drains @ INFUNDIBULUM towards hiatus semilunaris of MIDDLE meatus
Maxillary sinusitis / inflamm or max sinus can also be referred pain on?
✓ MAXILLARY MOLARS can also be referred pain on maxi sinus
Vice versa
What do you call the opening of max sinus?
Membrane that lines max sinus
✓ OSTIUM
• opening of max sinus
✓ SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE
• membrane that lines max sinus
• tumitibok after extraction of max molar when the px breathes
What test is used to check for oroantral communication
✓ VALSALVA TEST
• checking of oroantral communication
• to confirm, pinched yung nose then exhale GENTLY ; (if positive, there is blood or bubbles in extraction site
What to do if there is small, moderate or large OAC?
✓ Small (<2 mm)
• NO treatment ; bc after exo, BLOOD CLOT will created seal b/w oral and sinus
✓ Moderate ( 2 mm to 6 mm)
• PACK GEL FOAM (to improve formation of blood clot) then
• FIG. of 8 SUTURE
✓ Large ( > 6 mm)
• REFER to oral surgeon for oro-antral closure
There is large opening (OAC)
a. Refer to oral surgeon
b. Oro-antral closure
A. Refer to oral surgeon bc general dentists pa lang uzzz for boards
2 flaps for oro antral closure
✓ Palatal rotational advancement flap
✓ Buccal advancement flap
Which graft has a very good blood supply
Palatal rotational advancement flap or Buccal flap
Other term from buccal flap
✓ PRAF (Palatal rotational advancement flap)
• it carries branches of GREATER palatine nerve
• SO VERY good blood supply
✓ Buccal flap or BERGER’S FLAP
• created flap on buccal mucosa then raise it then suture it over tissue
FOR BOARDS, refer to prev. cards
DURING PRACTICE…
✓ Gel foam + Fig of 8 suture
then prescribe drugs like :
✓ Antibiotics (Co-Amoxiclav)
✓ Decongestants + Analgesics (Neozep)
✓ Antihistamine
• to prevent irritation —> prevent mucous production
Then recall for 7 days (should be close)
Recall again after 7 days (14 days) there should be gums over it
If open pa rin, refer!!!!
What is the DOC for Upper respiratory tract infection
✓ Co-Amoxiclav
• DOC for upper resp. tract infection
Procedure done to add bone b/w sinus and alveolar bone?
✓ SINUS LIFT procedure
• add bone b/w sinus and alv bone
Best 2D radiograph to assess maxillary sinus?
Best rediograph to assess maxillary sinus?
✓ Water’s view
• Best 2D rad. to assess max sinus
✓ CBCT (3D)
• pero best pa rin ang CBCT bc 3D siya
Which sinus is not seen on water’s view?
WATER’S VIEW
✓ Frontal S
✓ Maxillary S
✓ Ethmoid S
Except ❌ SPHENOID SINUS!!!!!
Technique used to open the max. sinus thru the canine fossa?
Canine fossa is loc saan?
✓ CALDWELL - LUC technique
• used to open max sinus thru CANINE FOSSA
✓ Canine fossa is located @ DISTAL to the ROOT of canine (palubog)
Pano iperform caldwell luc technique
CALDWELL LUC TECHNIQUE
- Raise flap muna then butasin mo aroung 1cm
- Then, IRRIGATE (NSS) floot the sinus
- Tapos syempre magffloat yung root
- Then use HIGH-VACUUM equipment
- Repeat until makuha mo yung root
- Then after nun irrigate with BETADINE and close
What ethwhere is the drainage of ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, POSTERIOR ethmoidal sinus
3 ethmoisal sinuses found at ethmoid bone
✓ ANTERIOR ES
• drains @ INFUNDIBULUM towards hiatus of semilunaris of middle meatus
✓ MIDDLE ES
• drains in ETHMOIDAL BULLA of MIDDLE MEATUS
✓ POSTERIOR ES
• drains @ SUPERIOR MEATUS
What sinuses drains @ Infundibulum towards hiatus of semilunaris of middle meatus?
✓ FRONTAL Sinus
✓ MAXILLARY Sinus
✓ ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus
Where does sphenoidal sinus drains?
Pano mo makikita sphenoidal sinus?
Sphenoidal sinus found @ sphenoid bone
✓ Seen only in CBCT or LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM
✓ drains @ SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS
What drains at SUPERIOR meatus?
What drians at MIDDLE meatus?
What drains at INFERIOR meatus?
SUPERIOR meatus
✓ POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus
MIDDLE meatus ✓ FRONTAL sinus - Inf ✓ MAXILLARY sinus - Inf ✓ ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus - Inf ✓ MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL sinus - Ethmoidal bulla
INFERIOR meatus
✓ NASOLACRIMAL duct
What sinuses does not drain @ middle meatus? 2
✓ Sphenoidal sinus - sphenoethmoidal recess
✓ Posterior Ethmoidal sinus - superior meatus
It is the only movable bone in the skull (not including auditory oossicles?
✓ MANDIBLE
• it is the only movable bone in the skull (not including auditory ossicles
• STRONGEST and LARGEST FACIAL BONE
What is the framework or forerunner of mandible?
✓ MECKEL’S cartilage
• framework or forerunner of mandible
Meckel’s cartilage is from wjat pharyngeal arch?
✓ 1st Pharyngeal arch
• gives rise to MECKEL’S cartilage
• so gives rise to MANDIBLE bc of meckel’s cartilage
• MAXILLA is also from 1st pharyngeal arch
Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?
Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?
Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?
✓ YES
Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?
✓ NOOOO
- Meckel’s cartilage just serve as guide to the formation of mandible
Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?
Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?
Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?
✓ YES
Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?
✓ NOOOO
- Meckel’s cartilage just serve as guide to the formation of mandible
Meckel’s cartilage become some part of _____ portion of mandible
Meckel’s cartilage become some part of ANTERIOR portion of mandible
After meckel’s cartilage is done sa mandible, san siya punta?
Magtransform siya as?
✓ After MC is done with mandible, punta naman siya sa EARS ✓ And it will transform to AUDITORY OSSICLES
What are the 2 auditory ossicles na nag-aarise kay meckel’s cartilage?
✓ INCUS
✓ MALLEUS
❌ Stapes
What PA gives rise to STAPES?
What PA gives rust to malleus and incus?
✓ Stapes - Second 2nd pharyngeal arch
✓ 1st PA ; malleus and incus
Maxilla is from what PA
✓ 1st PA (MAXILLA and MANDIBLE)
TMJ is also known as?
TMJ is the jxn of
✓ TMJ or GINGLYMOARTHRODIAL joint
✓ TMJ is the junction of
• MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
• Man. FOSSA
What are the TMJ LIGAMENTS
✓ ARTICULAR CAPSULAR LIGAMENT
✓ LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT / LATERAL LIGAMENT
✓ SPHENOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT
✓ STYLOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT
It envelopes the TMJ
✓ Articular CAPSULAR Ligament
• ENVELOPES the TMJ
It prevent excessive posterior displacement of mandible
✓ LATERAL LIGAMENT / LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT
• prevents EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR displacement of mandible
It prevent excessive posterior displacement of mandible
✓ LATERAL LIGAMENT / LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT
• prevents EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR displacement of mandible
What is the stabilizer of mandible
✓ SPHENOMANDIBULAR ligament
• sphenoid and mandible
✓ STYLOMANDIBULAR ligament
• attached @ styloid process of temporal bone and mandible
It divides TMJ to SUPERIOR and INFERIOR compartment
✓ ARTICULAR DISC / MENISCUS
• divides TMJ to Superior and Inferior compartments
Articular disc or meniscus is made up of what cartilage?
✓ FIBROCARTILAGE
✓ ARTICULAR DISC / MENISCUS
• divides TMJ to Superior and Inferior compartments
• BICONCAVE disc made up of FIBROCARTILAGE
How many synovial cavity does TMJ has?
✓ 2 synovial cavity
Superior compartment / Sup. Synovial Cavity
Inferior compartment / Inf. Synovial cavity
What compartment is resp for ROTATIONAL movement?
✓ INFERIOR COMPARTMENT
• HINGE / ROTATIONAL movement
• during LIMITED MOUTH OPENING
So during limited mouth opening, there is only hinge movement or rotational movement and ang responsible dun is yung INFERIOR compartment
During LMO, CONDYLE is FIXED in place as well as the ARTICULAR DISC (Candid shot)
The rest movements is saaa
The rest movement, sa SUPERIOR Compartment
SLIDING MOVEMENTS like
SUPERIOR COMPARTMENT
✓ SLIDING MOVEMENTS like
• Protrusion
• Retrusion
• Benneth movement / Lateral excursion
✓ EXCESSIVE MOUTH OPENING
In excessive mouth opening the condyle is…
In limited mouth ooening the condyle is…
In excessive mouth opening, the condyle is
✓ CONDYLE is DOWNWARD and FORWARD
In LMO, the condyle is
✓ CONDYLE and ARTICULAR DISC/MENISCUS is FIXED
Wjat is the maximum mouth opening
MMO
✓ 40-60 mm
2 imp. landmarks of articular disc or meniscus
What is thinnest
What is vascularized
2 imp. landmarks of articular disc or meniscus
✓ POSTERIOR portion
• VASCULARIZED and INNERVATED
• RETRODISCAL TISSUE
✓ MIDDLE portion
• THINNEST
B/w condyle and coronoid process
Attachment for TEMPORALIS muscle
✓ MANDIBULAR NOTCH
• b/w condyle and coronoid process
✓ CORONOID PROCESS
• attachment for TEMPORALIS muscles
Mental foramen is located where?
✓ Mental foramen - APICAL to 2nd PM (be)
Others : b/w 1st and 2nd PM
Mental foramen is where MENTAL NERVE exits
Entry for IAN
✓ MANDIBULAR FORAMEN
• entry for IAN
Attachment for sphenomandibular ligament
✓ LINGULA
• attachment for SPHENOMANDIBULAR ligament
In a right subcondylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?
✓ RIGHT SIDE
*When there is fracture, when the px opens the mouth, the mouth will side on the SITE of FRACTURE
During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to right. What nerve is damaged?
✓ RIGHT CN XII
Origin Insertion Action
Alin yung movable fixed.
Then ano yung action ____ to _____
INSERTION - MOVABLE @ DISTAL
ORIGIN - FIXED @ PROXIMAL or MEDIAL
ACTION - Insertion to Origin
LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLES OIA
Lateral pterygoid muscle
✓ ORIGIN - SPHENOID (fixed)
✓ INSERTION - CONDYLE (movable)
✓ ACTION - I to O
•If right lateral pterygoid muscle contracts and the left is not contractinf then the mandible will move to the left
Right Lateral Pterygoid Muscle moves
Left Lateral Pterygoid Muscle moves
✓ Right LPM moves LEFT and DOWNWARD
✓ Left LPM moves RIGHT and DOWNWAR
So kung asan fracture dun rin magmove yung mandible
Toward middle
Toward head
Away from head
✓ MEDIAL - toward middle
✓ Proximal - toward head
✓ Distal - away from head
Biceps (Origin)
a. Ulna
b. Radius
c. Sternum
d. Scapula
Insertion is?
Action
D. Scapula bc origin usually nasa middle or proximal
Insertion is Radius
Action is I to A so FLEXION
*If the muscle contracts, it SHORTENS!
Pectoralis major
Action
Action
✓ Adduction
• toward medial / medialwars
✓ Abduction
• lateral ward ; away ; abduct paalis
Toe of px moves toward MEDIAL side
Abduction
Adduction
✓ ADDUCTION
• towards medial side
During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to the right. What nerve is damage?
✓ Right CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve)
Tongue is innervated by CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve)
- Genioglossus muscles
• pulls the tongue ANTERIORLY and INFERIORLY
• and pulls the tongue to OPPOSITE SIDE
Same as fracture with subcondylar neck, kung san fracture magdeviate papunta dun yung tongue.
Right GM moves to
Left GM moves to
Both GM moves
Right GM
✓ moves to left
Left GM
✓ moves to right
Both GM
✓ moves anteriorly
Articular disc is seen in?
✓ TMJ
✓ STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
• b/w sternum and clavicle
✓ KNEE JOINT
Unhappy triad
What is the most commonly torn ligament in the body?
✓ ACL (Ant. CRUCIATE ligament)
• MOST COMMONLY TORN LIGAMENT in the body
✓ MCL (Mid. COLLATERAL ligament)
✓ LM (Lat. MENISCUS)
Most complex joint
MOST COMPLEX joint
✓ Knee joint
✓ TMJ
L - shaped paired bone
✓ PALATINE bones
• L shaped paired bones
2 parts of palatine bones
✓ HORIZONTAL plate
✓ PERPENDICULAR plate
What forms the part of palate
What form the floor of orbit
Perpendicular plate or Horizontal plate
✓ HORIZONTAL plate
• forms the part of PALATE
✓ PERPENDICULAR plate
• forms the part of FLOOR of ORBIT
What forms the part of palate
What form the floor of orbit
Perpendicular plate or Horizontal plate
✓ HORIZONTAL plate
• forms the part of PALATE
✓ PERPENDICULAR plate
• forms the part of FLOOR of ORBIT
The palatine bones form the flkor of orbit? T or F
✓ TRUE , to be specific the perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Other term for cleft lip
✓ CHEILOSCHISIS
cheilo - lips ; schisis - split
Most common congenital orofacial defect
✓ CLEFT LIP
• most common OROFACIAL defect
Treatment for Cleft lip?
Tx for CLEFT LIP follows Rule of 10 ✓ 10 wks ✓ 10 lbs ✓ 10 g/dl hemoglobin ✓ >10,000 WBC
RULE OF 10 IS ONLY USED IN CLEFT LIP
Cleft palate occurs b/w ____ to ____ wks of development
Treated b/w ___ to ___ months
Cleft palate occurs b/w
✓ 8 to 10 WKS of development
Cleft palate is treated b/w 12-18 MONTHS of age because PALATINE is very important for SPEECH
Treatment for cleft lip and palate
✓ If cleft lip and palate
• ✓✓✓ Lip (Rule of 10)
• x Palate (delay muna yung palate kasi if ittreat agad ; diff. to articulate when the px gets older)
Rule of 10 is applicable lang sa?
Cleft Lip common sa? M or F
Cleft Palate common sa? M or F
Cleft lip and palate common sa? M or F
Cleft common sa what side of face?
✓ Rule of 10 @ CLEFT LIP only
✓ Cleft Lip - Lalake ; Lawet
✓ Cleft Palate - Pemale ; Pepe
✓ Cleft Lip and Palate - FEMALE pa rin
✓ Cleft common sa cLEFT
Cleft of hard palate is know as
Cleft of soft palate is known as
Hard and soft palate
✓ uRanoschisis - cleft of haRd palate
✓ Staphyloschisis - cleft of Soft palate
✓ Uranostaphyloschisis - cleft of hard and soft palate
Split mind
✓ Schizoprenia
• SPLIT mind
• psychological disorder
• excessive DOPAMINE levels on brain
Inc. Dopamine = Happy hormone so it elevates the mood
Always happy yung px so nammixed-up yung reality from their imagination
Vertebrae developed from?
✓ Vertebrae developed from SOMITES
✓ Somites is a MESODERMAL embryonic origin
How many cervical vertebra?
✓ 7 Cervical Vertebra
C1
C2
Alin diyan axis or atlas
C1 (Atlas)
C2 (Axis)
Joint responsible for saying yes
Joint responsible for saying no
✓ AtlantOOcipital
• for saying yes ; tumutungo
• C1 and Occipital
✓ Atlantoaxial
• for saying no ; umiiling
• C1 and C2
Most prominent spinous process
✓ C7
• most prominent spinous process
What cervical vertebra does not have transverse foramen?
✓ C7 :(((
C1 - C6 has transverse foramen
Transverse formane is passage for?
✓ VERTEBRAL artery
• from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
C1-C6 may transverse foramen kung san dumadaan yung vertebral artery
Subclavian artery
Subclavian artery @ CLAVICLE
• Imp. branch is the VERTEBRAL artery then nadaan siya sa transverse foramen sa C1 to C6
What is the most unique cervical vertebra
✓ C7 is most unique bc walang transverse foramen and mmost prominent spinous process
✓ C7 characteristic somewsht resemble cervical and thoracic
Vertebral artery is from what artery
✓ Vertebral artery is from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
After vertebral artery exits C1, they will fuse forming a single large artery called?
After vertebral artery exits C1, they will fuse forming a single large artery called ✓✓✓ BASILAR ARTERY
Basilar artery is seen at
✓ Basilar artery @ BRAINSTEM
So subclavian maging vertebral artery then magfuse yung vertebral artery para maging basilar artery
Major blood supply of the brain
✓ CIRCLE of WILLIS
• major blood supply of brain
Circle of willis is made up of what arteries?
✓ Ant. communicating artery ✓ Post. communicating artery ✓ Ant. Cerebral artery ✓ Post. Cerebral artery ✓ INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Circle of willis is most common site of what type of aneurysm?
Aneurysm is?
Possible complication of aneurysm?
✓ CIRCLE OF WILLIS is the most common site of BERRY ANEURYSM
✓ Aneurysm is BALLOONING OR INFLATING of blood vessels
✓ Possible complication is RUPTURE!!!!
In berry aneurysm, berry-like structure yung pagballoon niya
In berry anerysm,
° it may result to compression of neurons w/c leads to
° malfunction of certain parts of the body
Why aneurysm happens?
✓ The junction is WEAK e mataas yung pressure kaya nagiinflate
Weak spots of ciculatory system
✓ JUNCTION of VESSELS
• weak spots of circulatory system
Risk factor for aneurysm?
✓ HIGH BP
✓ Smoking (changes in structure if tissue)
✓ some drugs
But anyone can have aneurysm
*Di ka mamamatay sa aneurysm, mamamatay ka pag nagrupture
How to detect aneurysm?
MOT for aneurysm? 2
✓ MRI - aneurysm
Aneurysm have no s/s but usually headache!!!!
Tx for aneurysm
✓ Surgical clipping
✓ Endovascular coiling
More invasivr but better prognosis
More conservative bit poorer prognosis
Endovascular coiling or surgical clipping
✓ SURGICAL CLIPPING
• MORE invasive but better prognosis
• open the skull ; grey’s anatomy
✓ ENDOVASCULAR COILING
• more CONSERVATIVE but poorer prognosis
• BLOOD clot titigas so wala ng weak spot but sometimes nagrerelapse bc nalulusaw minsan yung clot
Branches of aorta
AORTA
✓ BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery
✓ SUBCLAVIAN artery
✓ COMMON CAROTID artery
Stimulant or drugs thay increase BP
Increases BP
✓ ECSTASY
✓ METHAMPETHAMINE (Meth / Shabu)
Alcohol is primarily a
✓ALCOHOL is primarily a DEPRESSANT
• inaantok, nahihilo, nagsshutdown diff areas of nervous system
How many cervical vertebra
How many thoracic vertebra
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Heart shaped vertebra
✓ THORACIC
• Heart-shaped vertebrae
Serve as attachment site for ribs
✓ THORACIC
• Heart-shaped vertebrae
• serve as attachment site for RIBS
Kidney-shaped vertebra
✓ LUMBAR
• KIDNEY SHAPED vertebra
Largest and strongest UNFUSED vertebra
Largest and strongest vertebra
✓ LUMBAR
• KIDNEY SHAPED vertebra
• Largest and strongest UNFUSED vertebra
✓ SACRUM
• Largest and strongest vertebra
It carries most of the weight of the upper part of the body
✓ LUMBAR
• carries most of the weight of the upper part of the body
Tail bone
How many sacrum for adults and chldren
How many coccys for adultd and children
✓ COCCYX
• TAIL BONE
✓ Sacrum
• 1 adult
• 5 pre-adult (S1-S5)
✓ Coccyx
• 1 adult
• 4 pre-adult
How many vertebra for adult and children
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
✓ 26 ADULTS
✓ 33 CHILDREN
✓ 7 cervical ✓ 12 thoracic ✓ 5 lumbar ✓ 1 sacrum A ; 5 sacrum c ✓ 1 coccyx a ; 4 coccyx c
What is the shape of thoracic vertebra?
✓ HEART-shaped
Primary curvature is present in?
Secondary curvature is present in?
INFANT
✓ PRIMARY curvature
❌ 2ndary curvature
ADULT
✓ PRIMARY curvature
✓ SECONDARY curvature
Comcave posteriorl and concaveposteriorly a
dimary Curvatur
N
