Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2021 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of SKELETAL system

A 
✓ Support
✓ Protection
✓ Movement
✓ Storage for Mineral (mainly)
     • especially CALCIUM and PHOSPATE
✓ Blood production (Hematopoiesis)
✓ Fat storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most calcium in our body stores in?

A

✓ Bone tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood production @?

Fat storage @?

A

✓ RED bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis (blood production)

✓ YELLOW bone marrow
• FAT storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many bones in adult?

How many axial and appendicular bones?

How many skull bones?

How many facial and cranial bones?

A

✓ 206 bones
• 22 SKULL bones
° 14 FACIAL bones
° 8 CRANIAL bones

✓ 80 axial bones (central/gitna/axis)

✓ 126 appendicular bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Weakest point in the skull?

A

✓ PTERION
• WEAKEST point in skull
• mabilis madamage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pterion is made up of what bones?

Asterion is made up of?

A 
✓ PTERION (PFST)
    • Parietal
    • Frontal
    • Sphenoid
    • Temporal

✓ ASTERION (TOP)
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bones of newborn

Bones of adult

Skeletal muscles of adult

A

✓ 270-350 bones in NEWBORN (not definite).

✓ 206 BONES in ADULT

✓ 650 SKELETAL muscles in ADULT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of bones

A 
✓ Long bones
✓ Short bones
✓ Flat bones
✓ Irregular bones
✓ Sesamoid bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Limbs is what type of bones

A

✓ Long bones - Limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carpals is what type of bone

Mnemonics for proximal and dstal row

A

✓ Short bones - Carpal

Stop Letting Those People
Touch The Cadaver’s Hand

(Proximal to Distal row) ; (Lateral to Medial) PDLM

PROXIMAL Row
✓ Scaphoid
✓ Lunate
✓ Triquetrum
✓ Pisiform
DISTAL Row
✓ Trapezium
✓ Trapezoid
✓ Capitate
✓ Hamate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tarsal mnemonics

A

Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Coners

✓ Talus
✓ Calcaneus
✓ Navicular
✓ Third Cuneiform
✓ Second Cuneiform
✓ First Cuneiform
✓ Cuboid
Tiger Cubs Need MILC
✓ Talus
✓ Calcaneus
✓ Navicular
✓ Middle Cuneiform
✓ Intermediate Cuneiform
✓ Lateral Cuneiform
✓ Cuboid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of flat bones ( Give 4)

A 
Flat bones (SSSR)
✓ Scapula
✓ Sternum
✓ Skull
✓ Ribs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Samples of irregular bones (give 1)

A

Irregular bones

✓ Vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many vertebrae in adults and children

How many sacrum and coccyx in children

A

✓ 26 adults

✓ 33 children because of Sacrum and Coccyx

✓ Sacrum - 5
✓ Coccyx - 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type of bone that grows in a tendon or a ligament

A

✓ Sesamoid bone
• type of bone that grows in a tendon or ligament
• PATELLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Patella is what tyoe of bone?

A

✓ PATELLA - SESAMOID BONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spongy bone that is sandwich by compact bone?

A

✓ DIPLOE

• Spongy bone that is sandwich by compact bone?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Best example of diploe?

A

DIPLOE

✓ FLAT BONES of SKULL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sternal angle is what type of cartilage?

A

✓ Sternal angle - FIBROCARTILAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cells found in bone tissues

A

✓ Osteogenic / Osteoprogenitor cells
✓ Osteoblasts
✓ Osteocytes
✓ Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Only bone cell that can undergo CELL DIVISION / MITOSIS

A

✓ OSTEOGENIC or OSTEOPROGENITOR cells
• bone stem cell that undergo MITOSIS
• only bone cell that can undergo cell division
• SOURCE of NEW BONE
• found along PERIOSTEUM and ENDOSTEUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If bone is detach from periosteum, would you remove it or preserve?

A

✓ If bone is DETACH from PERIOSTEUM
• REMOVE it bc it will lead to NECROSIS

✓ If bone is still ATTACHED to PERIOSTEUM,
• you can PRESERVE / OBSERVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bone cell for bone formation / deposition

A

✓ Osteoblast
• for bone formation or deposition
• came from OSTEOGENIC CELLS

*Osteogenic cells transform into Osteoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Secretes bone matrix called osteoid

A

✓ Osteoblasts
• for bone formation or deposition
• came from OSTEOGENIC CELLS
• secretes BONE MATRIX called OSTEOID
• synthesize and secrete COLLAGEN fibers and MINERALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bone matrix

A

✓ OSTEOID
• bone matrix
• semi-fluid material

OB ; Osteoid ( may fluid ) ; then CALCIUM and PHOSPHATE will go to osteoid ——-> then it will become BONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the difference between osteoid and bone?

A

✓ Bone is HIGHLY mineralized ; Osteoid is non-mineralized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mature bone cells/osteoblast that maintains the bone

A

✓ OSTEOCYTES

• Mature bone cells/osteoblast that maintains the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Osteocytes is found in space called?

Osteoclasts is found in space called?

A

✓ Osteocytes - LACUNAE

✓ Osteoclast - HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Phagocytes or macrophage of bone

A

✓ Osteoclasts
• Phagocytes or macrophage of bone
• for bone DESTRUCTION or bone RESORPTION
• found in HOWSHIP’S LACUNAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Strongest form of bone

A

✓ Compact bone

• strongest form of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Spongy bone other term

A

✓ Spongy bone

• Trabecullar bone / Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Found @ center of haversian system or osteon?

A 
✓ Haversian canal
✓ Neurovasvular Bundle
✓ Blood vessels
✓ Nerves
✓ Arteris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Immature bone that is fibrous is called?

As the bone matures, it will become?

A

✓ WOVEN bone
• immature bone that is fibrous
• ⬆️ FIBERS ; ⬇️ minerals
• assoc. with CHILDREN

✓ LAMELLAR bone
• ⬇️ fibers ; ⬆️ MINERAL
• As the bone matures, nagigin lamellar
• Adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Canals perpendicular to haversian canal (2 terms)

A

✓ VOLKMANN’S canal or
✓ PERFORATING canal
• canal perpendicular to haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Other name for alveolar bone proper?

A

✓ Bundle bone or

✓ CRIBRIFORM plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bone immediately adjacent to the roots of tooth
Clinically (3 terms)
Radiographically

A

✓ Alveolar bone proper or Bundle bone or Cribriform plate

✓ Lamina Dura - RO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dental condition assoc. With absence of lamina dura?

Medical condition assoc. With absence of lamina dura?

A

✓ Periodontitis
• xxx Lamina dura

✓ HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
• xxx lamina dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hyperparathyroidism
• ⬆️ Parathyroid hormone
• ⬆️ blood calcium levels
• excessive calcium

Eh yung PTH, nag-iinduce siya ng bone resorption. Kumbaga sa bone kukunin yung calcium para dumami calcium sa blood.

So ang nangyayari nalulusaw yung bone or yung lamina dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum

A

✓ CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA

• bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Outer or Inner Circumferential lamellae

Lines the medullary cavity or bone marrow cavity

Peneterated by sharpey’s fibers

A

✓ CIRCUMFERENTIAL LAMELLA
• bony plate underlying periosteum and endosteum

✓ OUTER CL
• Peneterated by sharpey’s fibers
• immediately adjacent sa tooth

✓ INNER CL
• Lines the medullary cavity or bone marrow cavity
• medyo paloob na ng bone marrow cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ligament embedded within the bone

A

✓ Sharpey’s fibers
•Ligament embedded within the bone
Nakikita sa OUTER CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Characteristics of sharpeys fiber?

A

Sharpey’s fiber

• HIGHLY MINERALIZED ligament bc nasa bone so nakakakuha siya mineral sa bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Parts of long bone

A 
✓ Diaphysis
✓ Epiphysis
✓ Metaphysis
✓ Articular cartilage
✓ Periosteum
✓ endosteum
✓ Medullary cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Shaft of long bone

END of long bone

Part of long bone that contains bone marrow

A

✓ DIAPHYSIS - SHAFT

✓ EPIPHYSIS
• END of long bone
• Part of long bone that contains BONE MARROW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

B/w diaphysis and epiphysis

A

✓ METAPHYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Articulating surface ; creates contact to another bone

A

✓ ARTICULATING cartilage
• creates contact to ANOTHER bone
• articulating surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Source of osteoprogenitor cellls

Lining of medullary cavity

A

✓PERIOSTEUM and ENDOSTEUM
• Source of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells

✓ PERIOSTEUM
• DENSE irregular tissue
• Source of OSTEOPROGENITOR cells

✓ ENDOSTEUM
• Lining of medullary cavity
• source of osteoprogenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Medullary cavity or marrow cavity contains

A

✓ RED bone marrow ( FETUS)

✓ YELLOW bone marrow (ADULTS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Extractin of max. 3rd molar (8). Fracture of max tuberosity. Fractured bone is attached to periosteum. What is TOC?

A

✓ STABILIZED the bone using SUTURES

since still attached pa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Age of organism from day of fertilization –> implantation

Day of implantation —> 8 weeks of development

8 weeks —> birth

A

✓ Zygote
• Age of organism from day of fertilization –> implantation

✓ Embryo
• Day of implantation —> 8 weeks of development

✓ Fetus
• 8 weeks —> birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Blood production?

A

✓ Hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Site of hematopoiesis for EMRYO?

Site of hematopoiesis for FETUS?

Site of hematopoiesis after BIRTH?

A

✓ YOLK SAC ; BLOOD ISLANDS
• Hematopoiesis of EMRYO

✓ LIVER ; also SPLEEN and LYMPH NODE
• Hematopoiesis of FETUS

✓ RED BONE MARROW
• after BIRTH

*As we grow old, yung RED bone marrow sa long bones nagiging YELLOW bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Main bones inv. hematopoiesis in children?

Main bones inv. hematopoiesis in adults?

A

✓ LONG BONES
• children

✓ PELVIS 
✓ SKULL
✓ STERNUM
✓ VERTEBRA
• adult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

2 types of bone formation

A

✓ Intramembranous

✓ Endochondral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Indirect bone growth

Direct bone growth

Intramembranous or Endochondral

Bones that are FIRST to be formed? I or E?

A

✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS
• DIRECT bone growth
• Bone stem cells directly transforms into bone
• Bones that are FIRST to be formed

✓ ENDOCHONDRAL
• INDIRECT bone growth - begins with cartilage b4 becoming bone
• HYALINE CARTILAGE muna then bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What cartilage transforms into bone tissue?

A

✓ HYALINE CARTILAGE
• cartilage that transforms into bone tissue
• like epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the first bone to form in the human body?
Intramembranous or Endochondral

What is the very first bone to form?

A

✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS
• first bone to form in the human body

✓ CLAVICLE
• very FIRST bone to form
• BOTH EC and IM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the most commonly fractured bone in human body?

A

✓ CLAVICLE
• very FIRST bone to form
• BOTH EC and IM
• MOST COMMONLY FRACTURED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

First bones to develop???? I or E?

MOST BONES are formed by? I or E?

A

✓ INTRAMEMBRANOUS yung FIRST bones to develop but

✓ ENDOCHONDRAL yung most bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What bones undergo endochondral ossification?

A

✓ SPHENOID

✓ PETROUS PART OF TEMPORAL BONE

✓ ETHMOID

✓ CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE

✓ OCCIPITAL BONE (BASILAR PART)

✓ LONG BONES OF LIMBS

✓ SHORT BONES OF LIMBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

It is a bat-shaped or butterfly shaped bone

A

✓ SPHENOID

• It is a bat-shaped or butterfly shaped bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the hardest structure in head and neck?

A

✓ PETROUS part of temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the 2 parts of temporal bone ; Alin nasa inside and outside ; Alin yung via intramembranous and endochondral

A

✓ Squamous part - outside palpable ; INTRAMEMBRANOUS

✓ Petrous part - inside; yung pinakamatigas ; ENDOCHONRAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Wallnut shaped bone?

A

✓ ETHMOID

• WALLNUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Wjat part of mandible yung endochondral?

A

✓ CONDYLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Wjat part of mandible yung endochondral?

A

✓ CONDYLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

2 parts of occipital bone? Alin intramembranous and endochondral?

A

✓ SQUAMOUS part - asa labas ; INTRAMEMBRANOUS

✓ BASILAR PART - inside ; ENDOCHONDRAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Endochondral formations usually alin lumalabas boards

A

ENDOCHONDRAL
✓ Sphenoid
✓ Ethmoid
✓ Condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Most commonly fractured bone in human body?

Most commonly fracture facial bone?

A

✓ Clavicle - human body

✓ NASAL Bone - facial bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Other term for nasal bone

Nasal bone in deficient in px with

A

✓ Nasal bone “Bridge of nose”
• most commonly fractured facial bone

DEFICIENT in patients with
✓ Down syndrome
✓ Achondroplasia / Achondroplastic dwarfism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Nose bleeding

Anong plexus yung nadadamage usually pag super init

Management if nose bleeding

A

✓ Epistaxis
• nose bleeding

✓ KIESSELBACH’S plexus
• “Little’s area” ; an ARTERY

✓ Cold compress for VC or yuko para magflow blood palabas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Strongest bone in head and neck?

Strongest bone in human body?

Smallest bone?

Strongest facial bone?

A

✓ PETROUS part of temporal bone
• head and neck

✓ FEMUR
• LONGEST and STRONGEST bone in human body kaya masakit pag sinipa

✓ STAPES
• smallest bone

✓ MANDIBLE
• strongest facial bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Smallest muscle?

Smallest skeletal muscle?

A

✓ ARRECTOR pili muscle
• smallest muscle
• smooth muscle

✓ STAPEDIUS
• smallest skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Bone commonly fractured during CPR

Most commonly dislocated joint in children

Most commonly disclocated joint in adults

A

✓ Xiphoid process
• commonly fractured during cpr

✓ ELBOW JOINT
• CHILDREN

✓ SHOULDER JOINT
• ADULTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Largest carpal bone

Head shape carpal bone

Boat shaped carpal bine

Most commonly fractured carpal bone

Largest tarsal bone

Boat shaped tarsal bone

Heel bone

Ankle bone

A

✓ CAPITATE
• LARGEST carpal bone
• HEAD - shape carpal bone

✓ SCAPHOID
• BOAT - shaped carpal bone
• most commonly FRACTURED carpal bone

✓ CALCANEUS / “HEEL BONE”
• LARGEST tarsal bone

✓ NAVICULAR
• BOAT - shaped tarsal bone

✓ CALCANEUS - heel bone

✓ TALUS - ankle bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Superoposterior portion of nasal cavity contains?

What separates nasal cavity to left and right side

A

✓ OLFACTORY Receptors (CN I) sense of smell
• SUPEROPOSTERIOR portion of nasal cavity

✓ NASAL SEPTUM
• sep left and right side of NC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Nasal septum is made up of 3 structures

A

✓ Nasal septum
• separated right and left side of NC

Nasal septum is made up of :
✓ Vomer

✓ Perpendicular Plate Of Ethmoid

✓ Septal cartilage
• made up of HYALINE cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Nasal septum is made up of 3 structures

A

✓ Nasal septum
• separated right and left side of NC

Nasal septum is made up of :
✓ Vomer

✓ Perpendicular Plate Of Ethmoid

✓ Septal cartilage
• made up of HYALINE cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Nasal septum is deficient in px with

A

✓ Down syndrome

✓ Achondroplasia / Achindroplastic dwarfism

80
Q

What is the curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity

A

✓ CONCHAS / TUBIRNATES
• curled shelf of bone found in nasal cavity
• has MUCOUS that TRAPS air pollutants
✓ Superior, Middle, and Inferior Concha

81
Q

Nasal passageway loc. Inferior to cinchas,m

A

✓ MEATUS
• PASSAGEWAY INFERIOR to conchas
✓ Sup Mid Inf meatus

82
Q

Four paired air-filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity

A

✓ PARANASAL SINUSES

• 4 paired air-filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity

83
Q

Paranasal sinuses is.line by what epith?

A

✓ RESPIRATORY epithelium

• paranasal sinuses

84
Q

Frontal sinus drains @?

A

✓ FRONTAL SINUS
• found in FRONTAL bone
• drains in INFUNDIBULUM towards HIATUS semilunaris of MIDDLE MEATUS

Infundibulum is funnel shaped

85
Q

Largest paranasal sinus

A

✓ MAXILLARY sinus

86
Q

Other term for maxillary sinus

Where does it drains

A

✓ Maxillary sinus or ANTHRUM OF HIGHMORE
• found in MAXILLARY bone
• LARGEST paranasal sinus
• drains @ INFUNDIBULUM towards hiatus semilunaris of MIDDLE meatus

87
Q

Maxillary sinusitis / inflamm or max sinus can also be referred pain on?

A

✓ MAXILLARY MOLARS can also be referred pain on maxi sinus

Vice versa

88
Q

What do you call the opening of max sinus?

Membrane that lines max sinus

A

✓ OSTIUM
• opening of max sinus

✓ SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE
• membrane that lines max sinus
• tumitibok after extraction of max molar when the px breathes

89
Q

What test is used to check for oroantral communication

A

✓ VALSALVA TEST
• checking of oroantral communication
• to confirm, pinched yung nose then exhale GENTLY ; (if positive, there is blood or bubbles in extraction site

90
Q

What to do if there is small, moderate or large OAC?

A

✓ Small (<2 mm)
• NO treatment ; bc after exo, BLOOD CLOT will created seal b/w oral and sinus

✓ Moderate ( 2 mm to 6 mm)
• PACK GEL FOAM (to improve formation of blood clot) then
• FIG. of 8 SUTURE

✓ Large ( > 6 mm)
• REFER to oral surgeon for oro-antral closure

91
Q

There is large opening (OAC)

a. Refer to oral surgeon
b. Oro-antral closure

A

A. Refer to oral surgeon bc general dentists pa lang uzzz for boards

92
Q

2 flaps for oro antral closure

A

✓ Palatal rotational advancement flap

✓ Buccal advancement flap

93
Q

Which graft has a very good blood supply

Palatal rotational advancement flap or Buccal flap

Other term from buccal flap

A

✓ PRAF (Palatal rotational advancement flap)
• it carries branches of GREATER palatine nerve
• SO VERY good blood supply

✓ Buccal flap or BERGER’S FLAP
• created flap on buccal mucosa then raise it then suture it over tissue

94
Q

FOR BOARDS, refer to prev. cards

DURING PRACTICE…

A

✓ Gel foam + Fig of 8 suture
then prescribe drugs like :
✓ Antibiotics (Co-Amoxiclav)

✓ Decongestants + Analgesics (Neozep)

✓ Antihistamine
• to prevent irritation —> prevent mucous production

Then recall for 7 days (should be close)
Recall again after 7 days (14 days) there should be gums over it
If open pa rin, refer!!!!

95
Q

What is the DOC for Upper respiratory tract infection

A

✓ Co-Amoxiclav

• DOC for upper resp. tract infection

96
Q

Procedure done to add bone b/w sinus and alveolar bone?

A

✓ SINUS LIFT procedure

• add bone b/w sinus and alv bone

97
Q

Best 2D radiograph to assess maxillary sinus?

Best rediograph to assess maxillary sinus?

A

✓ Water’s view
• Best 2D rad. to assess max sinus

✓ CBCT (3D)
• pero best pa rin ang CBCT bc 3D siya

98
Q

Which sinus is not seen on water’s view?

A

WATER’S VIEW
✓ Frontal S
✓ Maxillary S
✓ Ethmoid S

Except ❌ SPHENOID SINUS!!!!!

99
Q

Technique used to open the max. sinus thru the canine fossa?

Canine fossa is loc saan?

A

✓ CALDWELL - LUC technique
• used to open max sinus thru CANINE FOSSA

✓ Canine fossa is located @ DISTAL to the ROOT of canine (palubog)

100
Q

Pano iperform caldwell luc technique

A

CALDWELL LUC TECHNIQUE

  • Raise flap muna then butasin mo aroung 1cm
  • Then, IRRIGATE (NSS) floot the sinus
  • Tapos syempre magffloat yung root
  • Then use HIGH-VACUUM equipment
  • Repeat until makuha mo yung root
  • Then after nun irrigate with BETADINE and close
101
Q

What ethwhere is the drainage of ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, POSTERIOR ethmoidal sinus

A

3 ethmoisal sinuses found at ethmoid bone

✓ ANTERIOR ES
• drains @ INFUNDIBULUM towards hiatus of semilunaris of middle meatus

✓ MIDDLE ES
• drains in ETHMOIDAL BULLA of MIDDLE MEATUS

✓ POSTERIOR ES
• drains @ SUPERIOR MEATUS

102
Q

What sinuses drains @ Infundibulum towards hiatus of semilunaris of middle meatus?

A

✓ FRONTAL Sinus
✓ MAXILLARY Sinus
✓ ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus

103
Q

Where does sphenoidal sinus drains?

Pano mo makikita sphenoidal sinus?

A

Sphenoidal sinus found @ sphenoid bone
✓ Seen only in CBCT or LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM
✓ drains @ SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS

104
Q

What drains at SUPERIOR meatus?

What drians at MIDDLE meatus?

What drains at INFERIOR meatus?

A

SUPERIOR meatus
✓ POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus

MIDDLE meatus
✓ FRONTAL sinus - Inf
✓ MAXILLARY sinus - Inf
✓ ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL Sinus - Inf
✓ MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL sinus - Ethmoidal bulla

INFERIOR meatus
✓ NASOLACRIMAL duct

105
Q

What sinuses does not drain @ middle meatus? 2

A

✓ Sphenoidal sinus - sphenoethmoidal recess

✓ Posterior Ethmoidal sinus - superior meatus

106
Q

It is the only movable bone in the skull (not including auditory oossicles?

A

✓ MANDIBLE
• it is the only movable bone in the skull (not including auditory ossicles
• STRONGEST and LARGEST FACIAL BONE

107
Q

What is the framework or forerunner of mandible?

A

✓ MECKEL’S cartilage

• framework or forerunner of mandible

108
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is from wjat pharyngeal arch?

A

✓ 1st Pharyngeal arch
• gives rise to MECKEL’S cartilage
• so gives rise to MANDIBLE bc of meckel’s cartilage
• MAXILLA is also from 1st pharyngeal arch

109
Q

Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?

Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?

A

Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?
✓ YES

Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?
✓ NOOOO

  • Meckel’s cartilage just serve as guide to the formation of mandible
109
Q

Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?

Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?

A

Does the meckel’s cartilage become part of mandible?
✓ YES

Does the meckel’s cartilage form the mandible?
✓ NOOOO

  • Meckel’s cartilage just serve as guide to the formation of mandible
110
Q

Meckel’s cartilage become some part of _____ portion of mandible

A

Meckel’s cartilage become some part of ANTERIOR portion of mandible

111
Q

After meckel’s cartilage is done sa mandible, san siya punta?

Magtransform siya as?

A

✓ After MC is done with mandible, punta naman siya sa EARS ✓ And it will transform to AUDITORY OSSICLES

112
Q

What are the 2 auditory ossicles na nag-aarise kay meckel’s cartilage?

A

✓ INCUS
✓ MALLEUS

❌ Stapes

113
Q

What PA gives rise to STAPES?

What PA gives rust to malleus and incus?

A

✓ Stapes - Second 2nd pharyngeal arch

✓ 1st PA ; malleus and incus

114
Q

Maxilla is from what PA

A

✓ 1st PA (MAXILLA and MANDIBLE)

115
Q

TMJ is also known as?

TMJ is the jxn of

A

✓ TMJ or GINGLYMOARTHRODIAL joint

✓ TMJ is the junction of
• MANDIBULAR CONDYLE
• Man. FOSSA

116
Q

What are the TMJ LIGAMENTS

A

✓ ARTICULAR CAPSULAR LIGAMENT

✓ LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT / LATERAL LIGAMENT

✓ SPHENOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT

✓ STYLOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT

117
Q

It envelopes the TMJ

A

✓ Articular CAPSULAR Ligament

• ENVELOPES the TMJ

118
Q

It prevent excessive posterior displacement of mandible

A

✓ LATERAL LIGAMENT / LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT

• prevents EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR displacement of mandible

118
Q

It prevent excessive posterior displacement of mandible

A

✓ LATERAL LIGAMENT / LATERAL TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT

• prevents EXCESSIVE POSTERIOR displacement of mandible

119
Q

What is the stabilizer of mandible

A

✓ SPHENOMANDIBULAR ligament
• sphenoid and mandible

✓ STYLOMANDIBULAR ligament
• attached @ styloid process of temporal bone and mandible

120
Q

It divides TMJ to SUPERIOR and INFERIOR compartment

A

✓ ARTICULAR DISC / MENISCUS

• divides TMJ to Superior and Inferior compartments

121
Q

Articular disc or meniscus is made up of what cartilage?

A

✓ FIBROCARTILAGE

✓ ARTICULAR DISC / MENISCUS
• divides TMJ to Superior and Inferior compartments
• BICONCAVE disc made up of FIBROCARTILAGE

122
Q

How many synovial cavity does TMJ has?

A

✓ 2 synovial cavity

Superior compartment / Sup. Synovial Cavity

Inferior compartment / Inf. Synovial cavity

123
Q

What compartment is resp for ROTATIONAL movement?

A

✓ INFERIOR COMPARTMENT
• HINGE / ROTATIONAL movement
• during LIMITED MOUTH OPENING

So during limited mouth opening, there is only hinge movement or rotational movement and ang responsible dun is yung INFERIOR compartment

During LMO, CONDYLE is FIXED in place as well as the ARTICULAR DISC (Candid shot)

124
Q

The rest movements is saaa

A

The rest movement, sa SUPERIOR Compartment

125
Q

SLIDING MOVEMENTS like

A 
SUPERIOR COMPARTMENT
✓ SLIDING MOVEMENTS like
    • Protrusion
    • Retrusion
    • Benneth movement / Lateral excursion

✓ EXCESSIVE MOUTH OPENING

126
Q

In excessive mouth opening the condyle is…

In limited mouth ooening the condyle is…

A

In excessive mouth opening, the condyle is
✓ CONDYLE is DOWNWARD and FORWARD

In LMO, the condyle is
✓ CONDYLE and ARTICULAR DISC/MENISCUS is FIXED

127
Q

Wjat is the maximum mouth opening

A

MMO

✓ 40-60 mm

128
Q

2 imp. landmarks of articular disc or meniscus

What is thinnest

What is vascularized

A

2 imp. landmarks of articular disc or meniscus
✓ POSTERIOR portion
• VASCULARIZED and INNERVATED
• RETRODISCAL TISSUE

✓ MIDDLE portion
• THINNEST

129
Q

B/w condyle and coronoid process

Attachment for TEMPORALIS muscle

A

✓ MANDIBULAR NOTCH
• b/w condyle and coronoid process

✓ CORONOID PROCESS
• attachment for TEMPORALIS muscles

130
Q

Mental foramen is located where?

A

✓ Mental foramen - APICAL to 2nd PM (be)

Others : b/w 1st and 2nd PM

Mental foramen is where MENTAL NERVE exits

131
Q

Entry for IAN

A

✓ MANDIBULAR FORAMEN

• entry for IAN

132
Q

Attachment for sphenomandibular ligament

A

✓ LINGULA

• attachment for SPHENOMANDIBULAR ligament

133
Q

In a right subcondylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?

A

✓ RIGHT SIDE

*When there is fracture, when the px opens the mouth, the mouth will side on the SITE of FRACTURE

134
Q

During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to right. What nerve is damaged?

A

✓ RIGHT CN XII

135
Q

Origin Insertion Action

Alin yung movable fixed.
Then ano yung action ____ to _____

A

INSERTION - MOVABLE @ DISTAL

ORIGIN - FIXED @ PROXIMAL or MEDIAL

ACTION - Insertion to Origin

136
Q

LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLES OIA

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle
✓ ORIGIN - SPHENOID (fixed)
✓ INSERTION - CONDYLE (movable)
✓ ACTION - I to O

•If right lateral pterygoid muscle contracts and the left is not contractinf then the mandible will move to the left

137
Q

Right Lateral Pterygoid Muscle moves

Left Lateral Pterygoid Muscle moves

A

✓ Right LPM moves LEFT and DOWNWARD

✓ Left LPM moves RIGHT and DOWNWAR

So kung asan fracture dun rin magmove yung mandible

138
Q

Toward middle

Toward head

Away from head

A

✓ MEDIAL - toward middle

✓ Proximal - toward head

✓ Distal - away from head

139
Q

Biceps (Origin)

a. Ulna
b. Radius
c. Sternum
d. Scapula

Insertion is?

Action

A

D. Scapula bc origin usually nasa middle or proximal

Insertion is Radius

Action is I to A so FLEXION

*If the muscle contracts, it SHORTENS!

140
Q

Pectoralis major

Action

A

Action
✓ Adduction
• toward medial / medialwars

✓ Abduction
• lateral ward ; away ; abduct paalis

141
Q

Toe of px moves toward MEDIAL side

Abduction
Adduction

A

✓ ADDUCTION

• towards medial side

142
Q

During tongue protrusion, tongue deviates to the right. What nerve is damage?

A

✓ Right CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve)

Tongue is innervated by CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve)

  • Genioglossus muscles
    • pulls the tongue ANTERIORLY and INFERIORLY
    • and pulls the tongue to OPPOSITE SIDE

Same as fracture with subcondylar neck, kung san fracture magdeviate papunta dun yung tongue.

143
Q

Right GM moves to

Left GM moves to

Both GM moves

A

Right GM
✓ moves to left

Left GM
✓ moves to right

Both GM
✓ moves anteriorly

144
Q

Articular disc is seen in?

A

✓ TMJ

✓ STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
• b/w sternum and clavicle

✓ KNEE JOINT

145
Q

Unhappy triad

What is the most commonly torn ligament in the body?

A

✓ ACL (Ant. CRUCIATE ligament)
• MOST COMMONLY TORN LIGAMENT in the body

✓ MCL (Mid. COLLATERAL ligament)

✓ LM (Lat. MENISCUS)

146
Q

Most complex joint

A

MOST COMPLEX joint
✓ Knee joint
✓ TMJ

147
Q

L - shaped paired bone

A

✓ PALATINE bones

• L shaped paired bones

148
Q

2 parts of palatine bones

A

✓ HORIZONTAL plate

✓ PERPENDICULAR plate

149
Q

What forms the part of palate

What form the floor of orbit

Perpendicular plate or Horizontal plate

A

✓ HORIZONTAL plate
• forms the part of PALATE

✓ PERPENDICULAR plate
• forms the part of FLOOR of ORBIT

150
Q

What forms the part of palate

What form the floor of orbit

Perpendicular plate or Horizontal plate

A

✓ HORIZONTAL plate
• forms the part of PALATE

✓ PERPENDICULAR plate
• forms the part of FLOOR of ORBIT

151
Q

The palatine bones form the flkor of orbit? T or F

A

✓ TRUE , to be specific the perpendicular plate of palatine bone

152
Q

Other term for cleft lip

A

✓ CHEILOSCHISIS

cheilo - lips ; schisis - split

153
Q

Most common congenital orofacial defect

A

✓ CLEFT LIP

• most common OROFACIAL defect

154
Q

Treatment for Cleft lip?

A 
Tx for CLEFT LIP follows Rule of 10
✓ 10 wks
✓ 10 lbs
✓ 10 g/dl hemoglobin
✓ >10,000 WBC

RULE OF 10 IS ONLY USED IN CLEFT LIP

155
Q

Cleft palate occurs b/w ____ to ____ wks of development

Treated b/w ___ to ___ months

A

Cleft palate occurs b/w
✓ 8 to 10 WKS of development

Cleft palate is treated b/w 12-18 MONTHS of age because PALATINE is very important for SPEECH

156
Q

Treatment for cleft lip and palate

A

✓ If cleft lip and palate
• ✓✓✓ Lip (Rule of 10)
• x Palate (delay muna yung palate kasi if ittreat agad ; diff. to articulate when the px gets older)

157
Q

Rule of 10 is applicable lang sa?

Cleft Lip common sa? M or F

Cleft Palate common sa? M or F

Cleft lip and palate common sa? M or F

Cleft common sa what side of face?

A

✓ Rule of 10 @ CLEFT LIP only

✓ Cleft Lip - Lalake ; Lawet

✓ Cleft Palate - Pemale ; Pepe

✓ Cleft Lip and Palate - FEMALE pa rin

✓ Cleft common sa cLEFT

158
Q

Cleft of hard palate is know as

Cleft of soft palate is known as

Hard and soft palate

A

✓ uRanoschisis - cleft of haRd palate

✓ Staphyloschisis - cleft of Soft palate

✓ Uranostaphyloschisis - cleft of hard and soft palate

159
Q

Split mind

A

✓ Schizoprenia
• SPLIT mind
• psychological disorder
• excessive DOPAMINE levels on brain

Inc. Dopamine = Happy hormone so it elevates the mood

Always happy yung px so nammixed-up yung reality from their imagination

160
Q

Vertebrae developed from?

A

✓ Vertebrae developed from SOMITES

✓ Somites is a MESODERMAL embryonic origin

161
Q

How many cervical vertebra?

A

✓ 7 Cervical Vertebra

162
Q

C1

C2

Alin diyan axis or atlas

A

C1 (Atlas)

C2 (Axis)

163
Q

Joint responsible for saying yes

Joint responsible for saying no

A

✓ AtlantOOcipital
• for saying yes ; tumutungo
• C1 and Occipital

✓ Atlantoaxial
• for saying no ; umiiling
• C1 and C2

164
Q

Most prominent spinous process

A

✓ C7

• most prominent spinous process

165
Q

What cervical vertebra does not have transverse foramen?

A

✓ C7 :(((

C1 - C6 has transverse foramen

166
Q

Transverse formane is passage for?

A

✓ VERTEBRAL artery
• from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

C1-C6 may transverse foramen kung san dumadaan yung vertebral artery

167
Q

Subclavian artery

A

Subclavian artery @ CLAVICLE

• Imp. branch is the VERTEBRAL artery then nadaan siya sa transverse foramen sa C1 to C6

168
Q

What is the most unique cervical vertebra

A

✓ C7 is most unique bc walang transverse foramen and mmost prominent spinous process

✓ C7 characteristic somewsht resemble cervical and thoracic

169
Q

Vertebral artery is from what artery

A

✓ Vertebral artery is from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

170
Q

After vertebral artery exits C1, they will fuse forming a single large artery called?

A

After vertebral artery exits C1, they will fuse forming a single large artery called ✓✓✓ BASILAR ARTERY

171
Q

Basilar artery is seen at

A

✓ Basilar artery @ BRAINSTEM

So subclavian maging vertebral artery then magfuse yung vertebral artery para maging basilar artery

172
Q

Major blood supply of the brain

A

✓ CIRCLE of WILLIS

• major blood supply of brain

173
Q

Circle of willis is made up of what arteries?

A 
✓ Ant. communicating artery
✓ Post. communicating artery
✓ Ant. Cerebral artery
✓ Post. Cerebral artery
✓ INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
174
Q

Circle of willis is most common site of what type of aneurysm?

Aneurysm is?

Possible complication of aneurysm?

A

✓ CIRCLE OF WILLIS is the most common site of BERRY ANEURYSM

✓ Aneurysm is BALLOONING OR INFLATING of blood vessels

✓ Possible complication is RUPTURE!!!!

In berry aneurysm, berry-like structure yung pagballoon niya

In berry anerysm,
° it may result to compression of neurons w/c leads to
° malfunction of certain parts of the body

175
Q

Why aneurysm happens?

A

✓ The junction is WEAK e mataas yung pressure kaya nagiinflate

176
Q

Weak spots of ciculatory system

A

✓ JUNCTION of VESSELS

• weak spots of circulatory system

177
Q

Risk factor for aneurysm?

A

✓ HIGH BP
✓ Smoking (changes in structure if tissue)
✓ some drugs

But anyone can have aneurysm

*Di ka mamamatay sa aneurysm, mamamatay ka pag nagrupture

178
Q

How to detect aneurysm?

MOT for aneurysm? 2

A

✓ MRI - aneurysm

Aneurysm have no s/s but usually headache!!!!

Tx for aneurysm
✓ Surgical clipping
✓ Endovascular coiling

179
Q

More invasivr but better prognosis

More conservative bit poorer prognosis

Endovascular coiling or surgical clipping

A

✓ SURGICAL CLIPPING
• MORE invasive but better prognosis
• open the skull ; grey’s anatomy

✓ ENDOVASCULAR COILING
• more CONSERVATIVE but poorer prognosis
• BLOOD clot titigas so wala ng weak spot but sometimes nagrerelapse bc nalulusaw minsan yung clot

180
Q

Branches of aorta

A

AORTA
✓ BRACHIOCEPHALIC artery
✓ SUBCLAVIAN artery
✓ COMMON CAROTID artery

181
Q

Stimulant or drugs thay increase BP

A

Increases BP
✓ ECSTASY
✓ METHAMPETHAMINE (Meth / Shabu)

182
Q

Alcohol is primarily a

A

✓ALCOHOL is primarily a DEPRESSANT

• inaantok, nahihilo, nagsshutdown diff areas of nervous system

183
Q

How many cervical vertebra

How many thoracic vertebra

A

Cervical - 7

Thoracic - 12

184
Q

Heart shaped vertebra

A

✓ THORACIC

• Heart-shaped vertebrae

185
Q

Serve as attachment site for ribs

A

✓ THORACIC
• Heart-shaped vertebrae
• serve as attachment site for RIBS

186
Q

Kidney-shaped vertebra

A

✓ LUMBAR

• KIDNEY SHAPED vertebra

187
Q

Largest and strongest UNFUSED vertebra

Largest and strongest vertebra

A

✓ LUMBAR
• KIDNEY SHAPED vertebra
• Largest and strongest UNFUSED vertebra

✓ SACRUM
• Largest and strongest vertebra

188
Q

It carries most of the weight of the upper part of the body

A

✓ LUMBAR

• carries most of the weight of the upper part of the body

189
Q

Tail bone

How many sacrum for adults and chldren

How many coccys for adultd and children

A

✓ COCCYX
• TAIL BONE

✓ Sacrum
• 1 adult
• 5 pre-adult (S1-S5)

✓ Coccyx
• 1 adult
• 4 pre-adult

190
Q

How many vertebra for adult and children

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

A

✓ 26 ADULTS
✓ 33 CHILDREN

✓ 7 cervical
✓ 12 thoracic
✓ 5 lumbar
✓ 1 sacrum A ; 5 sacrum c
✓ 1 coccyx a ; 4 coccyx c
191
Q

What is the shape of thoracic vertebra?

A

✓ HEART-shaped

192
Q

Primary curvature is present in?

Secondary curvature is present in?

A

INFANT
✓ PRIMARY curvature
❌ 2ndary curvature

ADULT
✓ PRIMARY curvature
✓ SECONDARY curvature

193
Q

Comcave posteriorl and concaveposteriorly a

dimary Curvatur

A

N

2021 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions