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2021 > Cellular Physiology > Flashcards

Cellular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total BODY FLUID volume?

A

✓ 60% of body weight

  • 40% INTRAcellular fluid - MOST FLUIDS in our body is found IN THE CELLS
  • 20% EXTRAcellular fluid
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2
Q

What is the total blood volume?

A

✓ 8% of body weight

Other books : 5-7 %

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3
Q

Why do we need to maintain 8% blood volume?

A

✓ BV influence BP ; Directly proportional
• inc BV = inc BP
• dec BV = dec BP

✓ BP influence BF ; Directly proportional
• inc BP = inc BF
• dec BP = dec BF

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4
Q

Loss of blood flow?

A

✓ Shock
• blood is not moving ; stagnant
• nashock ka kaya di ka makagalaw

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5
Q

Blood is not moving due to hemorrhage

A

✓ Hemorrhagic shock or
✓ Hypovolemic shock

• dec BV = dec BP = dec BF

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6
Q

Shock due to severe allergic reaction

A

✓ Anaphylactic shock

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7
Q

What is administered to reverse anaphylaxis?

A

✓ EPINEPHRINE

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8
Q

Loss of blood supply on specific region of body

A

✓ Infarction
• No blood supply on specific region but has blood flow on the body
• can be due to CLOT

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9
Q

What is the most common form of infarct?

A

✓ Myocardial Infarction or Heart attack

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10
Q

MI is due to obstruction of?

A

✓ Coronary Artery

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11
Q

Other term for stroke?

A

✓ Brain Infarction

✓ CVA (Cerebrovascular accident)

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12
Q

What is the most common artery involved in stroke?

A

✓ Lenticulostriate artery w/c is from Middle Cerebral artery

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13
Q

Decreased in blood supply?

A

✓ Ischemia - may blood supply pa but kulang

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14
Q

Decreased in oxygen

A

✓ Hypoxia

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15
Q

Types of cellular transport

A

✓ Passive transport

✓ Active transport

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16
Q

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane without using ATP?

A

✓ Passive transport

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17
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

✓ Simple diffusion or Passive diffusion
✓ Facilitated diffusion
✓ Osmosis

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18
Q

What is the movement of solutes from HIGHER concentration gradient to a LOWER concentration gradient?

A

✓ Simple diffusion or Passive diffusion

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19
Q

What are the samples of simple diffusion or passive diffusion?

A

✓ Gas exchange
✓ Nutrient transport

• across BV, O2 and CO2

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20
Q

Molecules that dissolves?

A

✓ Solvent

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21
Q

Molecules that are dissolved?

A

✓ Solute

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22
Q

What type of cellular transport for gas exchange?

A

✓ Passive diffusion or Simple diffusion

• kung sino yung mas mataas, sila yung papasok or lalabas

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23
Q

What is the type of cellular transport for nutrient exchange?

A

✓ Passive or simple diffusion

• Nutrient exchange - if equal, cell will stop to get glucose from BV

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24
Q

Cellular transport that needs carrier protein?

A

✓ Facilitated diffusion or
✓ Carrier-mediated diffusion

• just like passive diffusion but has carrier or protein na dadaanan  so from HIGH to LOW pa rin
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25
Q

What are examples of facilitated diffusion?

A

✓ Insulin sensitive cells (MA)
• Muscle cells
• Adipocytes

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26
Q

Movement of fluid across a semi-permeable membrane from LOW osmotic pressure to HIGH osmotic pressure

A

✓ Osmosis

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27
Q

Osmotic pressure is determined by?

A

✓ SOLUTES dissolved in a solution

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28
Q

Low concentration of solute

High concentration of solute

A

✓ Hypotonic - low conc of solute

✓ Hypertonic - high conc of solute

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29
Q

Cells in hypertonic solution results in?

A

✓ Shrinkage
• Since hypertonic solution has high solute, it attracts water. So if you put cell in a hypertonic solution, the HS will get water from the cell causing the cell to SHRINK!

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30
Q

Cells in hypotonic solution results in?

A

✓ Swelling or Bursting
• Since hypotonic solution has lower solute. So decrease in osmotic pressure, then the cell will accumulate water causing the cell to SWELL or BURST!
• Sample of hypotonic solution is DISTILLED WATER

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31
Q

Solution that has same solute concentration of the body cells?

A

✓ Isotonic
• like NSS (0.9 % NaCl)

  • Distilled water is hypotonic kaya di natin siya ginagamit as an irrigant bc the cell will swell/burst. Instead, we use NSS (0.9 NaCl) bc it is isotonic.
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32
Q

Avulsed tooth, where to soak if you were to do reimplantation?

A

✓ NSS
✓ Milk
✓ Saliva
X Distilled water

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33
Q

What is the best solution of avulsed tooth for reimplantation?

A

✓ Hank’s solution

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34
Q

What is the most recommended for avulsed for reimplantation?

A

✓ MILK bc of its availability

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35
Q

Movement of molecules from LOW concetration graduent to HIGH concentration gradient that uses ATP?

A

✓ Active transport

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36
Q

What are the examples of active transport?

A

✓ Na-K pump (muscles)
✓ Proton pump (stomach)
✓ Bulk transport : Endocytosis and Exocytosis

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37
Q

What is the pH of stomach?

A

✓ 1-3 ph
• highly ACIDIC

• pH = power of hydrogen

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38
Q

Neutral pH
Acidic pH
Basic pH

A

Neutral pH - 7 pH
Acidic pH - <7 pH ; INCREASE Hydrogen ion
Basic pH - >7 pH ; DECREASE Hydrogen ion

•So baligtad, if dec ph inc hydrogen ion. If inc ph dec hydrogen ion

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39
Q

What is the acid in the stomach?

A

✓ Hydrochloric acid

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40
Q

Other term for proton pump and where it is found?

A

✓ Hydrogen pump or proton pump

• pumps in hydrogen ions inside stomach that why stomach is acidic or < ph

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41
Q

It reduces acidity of stomach

A

✓ PPI (Proton pump inhibitor)

• inh. fxn of proton pump so hindi nakakapag pumo ng hyrogen ion inside so increase ph or basic.

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42
Q

Samples of PPI

A

✓ -zole

✓ Omeprazole

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43
Q

PPI are used in patient with?

A

✓ Hyperacidity

✓ GERD (Gastroesophageal reflex disease or HEARTBURN)

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44
Q

GERD / Heartburn

A

✓ acid from stomach goes up to esophagus ; so you can feel the PAIN or BURNING sensation in the HEART.

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45
Q

Substance exits a cell via vesicle

A

✓ Exocytosis

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46
Q

Substance enters a cell placing it in a vesicle

A

✓ Endocytosis

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47
Q

Bulk transport ( also an active transport)

A

✓ Exocytosis

✓ Endocytosis - COVID 19 is samples of endo

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48
Q

What are the NON-insulin dependent tissues?

A 
BRICKLE
Brain
Rbc
Intestines
Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising SKELETAL muscle

•they can take up glucose even without insulin

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49
Q

Skeletal muscle is a dual citizen

A

If x workout - needs insulin
If ✓ workout - doesn’t need insulin

•So diabetic px needs to exercise

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50
Q

Positive electrolyte

Negative electrolyle

A

Positive (Ca+ion)

Negative (ANion)

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51
Q

What are anions and cations?

A

Cations
✓ Sodium (Na+)
✓ Potassium (K+)

Anion
✓ Chlorine (Cl-)
✓ Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
✓ Phosphate (PO4-)

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52
Q

Numerous cation in ECF
Numerous cation in ICF

Numerous anion in ECF
Numerous anion in ICF

A

SEXPIC

CHECPIC

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53
Q

What is the most important BUFFER in blood plasma?

A

✓ Bicarbonate

•they prevent sudden change in pH (buffer)

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54
Q

Give 2 sample of buffers

A

✓ Bicarbonate - MOST IMPORTANT

✓ Phosphate

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55
Q

What is the normal pH of blood and body tissues?

A

✓ 7.35 - 7.45

Average is 7.4

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56
Q

What is the least numerous anion in ICF?

What is the least numerous anion in ECF?

A

Least in ICF - Chlorine

Least in ECF - Bicarbonate

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57
Q

BODY TISSUES

A

BODY TISSUES

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58
Q

What are 4 types of body tissues?

A

✓ Epithelial
✓ Connective
✓ Muscular
✓ Nervous

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59
Q

For movement

A 
✓ Muscular
    • SKELETAL M
    • CARDIAC M
    • SMOOTH M
    • TONGUE
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60
Q

It protects, support, and bind body tissues together

A 
✓ Connective tissue
    • PULP
    • BLOOD
    • ADIPOCYTES
    • TOOTH
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61
Q

Lines and covers body surfaces and body cavity

A

✓ Epithelial tissue
• LINING - epidermis, ging. epithelium
• GLANDS - most glands, sweat glands

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62
Q

Receives stimuli and conduct impulses

A

✓ Nervous
• BRAIN
• NERVOUS SYSTEM

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63
Q

Connection between plasma membranes ora cell membranes of cells

A

✓ Cellular junctions

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64
Q

What are the 5 types of cellular junction?

A 
✓ Desmosomes
✓ Hemidesmosomes
✓ Gap junctions
✓ Tight junctions
✓ Adherens junctions
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65
Q

It attaches cells of the SAME TYPE

A

✓ Desmosomes

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66
Q

Other term for desmosome?

A

✓ “spot-weld like” or

✓ MACULA ADHERENS

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67
Q

Desmosomes are seen in?

A

✓ b/w EPIDERMIS

✓ b/w CARDIAC MUSCLES cells

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68
Q

Autoimmune disease that destroys the EPIDERMAL DESMOSOMES

A

✓ Pemphigus Vulgaris

• NO DESMOSOMES so the epidermal cells will slough off (Nikolsy sign)

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68
Q

Autoimmune disease that destroys the EPIDERMAL DESMOSOMES

A

✓ Pemphigus Vulgaris

• NO DESMOSOMES so the epidermal cells will slough off (Nikolsy sign)

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69
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

Pemphigus vulgaris
✓ Nikolsky sign - sloughing of tissues ; epidermis detached usually by rubbing
✓ Acantholysis - separation of epidermal cells (HISTO)

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70
Q

Attaches cells of DIFFERENT type

A

✓ Hemidesomosomes

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71
Q

Hemidesmosomes are seen???

A

✓ b/w EPIDERMAL cells and BASEMENT MEMBRANE

•hemidesmosomes or half desmosomes

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72
Q

Junctional epithelium attached to the tooth via?

A

✓ Hemidesmosomes

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73
Q

Autoimmune disease that destroys hemidesmosomes?

A

✓ Pemphigoid
• Nikolsky sign -sloughing of tissues if rubbed
XXX NO acantholysis

*Goid or alike so gayagaya sa PV

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74
Q

What type of gingivitis seen in Pemphigoid vulgaris and pemphigoid?

A

✓ Desquamative gingivits

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75
Q

Desquamative gingivitis is seen in?

A

✓ Pemphigoid

✓ Pemphigus vulgaris

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76
Q

Forms a bridge that allows ION DIFFUSION between cells

A

✓ GAP junction

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77
Q

Gap junction is seen in?

A

✓ Cardiac Muscle cells
✓ Nerve cells

HEART and BRAIN

*GAP junctions are formed by CONNEXONS from connexins

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78
Q

Cell junctions of cardiac muscles?

A

✓ GAP junctions

✓ Desmosomes

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79
Q

Prevents leaking of substances

A

✓ Tight junctions or Zona occludens

•organs with fluid like STOMACH

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80
Q

Prevents separation of epithelial cells during INTESTINAL Contractions

A

✓ Adherens Junctions or Zona adherens

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81
Q

For secretion by glandular cells

A

✓ Glandular epithelium
• ENDOCRINE glands
• EXOCRINE glands

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82
Q

Secretes hormones towards BLOOD

A

✓ ENDOCRINE glands - without ducts
•inside ; towards blood
• sample of endo PITUITARY GLAND

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83
Q

Secretes products onto the external surface

A

✓ EXOCRINE glands
• with DUCTS ; para makasecrete sa external surface
• samples SALIVARY gland, MAMMARY gland, SEBACEOUS gland

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84
Q

What organ with both endocrine and exocrine?

A

✓ PANCREAS
• HexTen

Head - Exo
Tail - Endo

  • Endocrine - GABI
  • Exocrine - for DIGESTION
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85
Q

What is the major duct and accessory duct of pancreas?

A

✓ Major duct - WIRSUNG’S DUCT

✓ Acc duct - Duct of Santorini

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86
Q

Functional classifications of EXOCRINE glands

A

✓ Merocrine
✓ Apocrine
✓ Holocrine

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87
Q

Releases “packaged” vesicles

A

✓ Merocrine
• their secretion only involves vesicles
• SALIVARY glands

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88
Q

Part of cell will be PINCHED-OFF together with the vesicle

A

✓ Apocrine
• MAMMARY glands
• Apo pokpokpok nacchop/pinched off
• Apo kinurot

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89
Q

Cells ruptures and releases contents

A

✓ Holocrine
• WHOLE cell nagsasacrifice
• SEBACEOUS GLANDS

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90
Q

Give samples of Merocrine, Apocrine and Holocrines

A

✓ Merocrine - Salivary
✓ Apocrine - Mammary
✓ Holocrine - Sebaceous

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91
Q

Largest major salivary glands

A

✓ Parotid gland

• Pyramidal shape

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92
Q

Where is parotid gland located?
What is the duct?
Duct opens at?
What is the secretions?

A

✓ Anteroinferior to External auditory meatus or Posterior to posterior ramus
✓ Stensen’s duct
✓ Opposite max 2nd molar
✓ Purely serous

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93
Q 
Produces greatest volume of saliva
Second largest salivary gland
What is the duct?
Duct opens at?
What is the secretion?
A

✓ Submandibular gland
✓ Wharton’s duct
✓ Sublingual caruncle
✓ Mixed purely SEROUS

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94
Q 
Smallest major salivary gland
Only ENCAPSULATED gland
What is the major duct?
What is the accessory duct?
Duct opens at?
What is the secretion?
A 
✓ Sublingual gland
✓ Major - Bartholin's duct
✓ Accessory - Rivinu's duct
✓ FOTM floor of the mouth
✓Mixed mostly MUCOUS
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95
Q

What muscles divides the submandibular gland?

A

✓ Mylohyoid muscle

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96
Q

Mylohyoid muscle is the muscle of the?

A

✓ FOTM

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97
Q

Saliva is full of minerals

A

✓ Calcium and
✓ Phosphate

•So accumulation of saliva at lingual of mand molar and buccal of maxillary molars which will lead to calcular deposits

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98
Q

Salivary gland stones

Commonly seen at?

A

✓ Sialoliths

✓ Submandibular gland - Wharton’s duct bc it has the greatest volume

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99
Q

What minor salivary gland is seen at circumvallate papillae?

What is the secretion?

A

✓ Glands of Von Ebner

✓ Purely SEROUS

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100
Q

What is the depression between ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of tongue?

A

✓ sulcus terminalis

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101
Q

Largest and least numerous papillae?

A

✓ Circumvallate papillae

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102
Q

What glands produces purelyserous secretion?

A

✓ Parotid gland

✓ Glands of von ebner

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103
Q

What minor salivary glands produces purely mucous?

A

✓ Palatine glands
•Posterolateral border of Palate

✓ Buccal and labial glands

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104
Q

What is the secretion of glands of blandin and nuhn?

Where is it located?

A

✓ Mixed purely serous

✓ Anterior lingual

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105
Q

Basket cells or myoepithelial cells are found in?

A

✓ Salivary Glands (BE)

•There is also basket cells in brain

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106
Q

Best example of unicellular gland?

A

✓ Goblet cells

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107
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Connective tissue

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108
Q

Its function is to trap water or preserve water in the body

A 
✓ GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs)
    • Hyaluronic acid
    • Chondroitin sulfate
    • Dermatan sulfate
    • Keratan sulfate
    • Heparan sulfate
    • Heparin
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109
Q

It attaches connective tissue together

Where is it found?

A

✓ Hyaluronic acid -universal glue
✓ Seen in :
• JOINTS , EYEBALLS, EGG CELL etc

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110
Q

Breaksdown hyaluronic acid

A

✓ Hyaluronidase

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111
Q

What is the most numerous gags?

A

✓ Chrondroitin sulfate - seen primarily in cartilage

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112
Q

Gags of skin
Gags of cornea
Gags sim. to heparin

A

✓ Dermatan sulfate - skin
✓ Keratan sulfate - cornea
✓ Heparan sulfste - sim to heparin

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113
Q

Heparin is present in?

What is the function of heparin?

A

✓ Basophils (be)
✓ Mast cells

✓ Anti-coagulant ; prevents formation of blood clot

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114
Q

What is the emergency drug used if there is infarction?

A

✓ Heparin
• infarc is usu cause by clot ; so heparin is anti-coagulant
• used because of its RAPID ONSET

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115
Q

PROTEOGLYCAN is the CORE and GAGs project from it like a BRISTLE BRUSH

A

Drawing like centipede; nasa gitna yung proteoglycans

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116
Q

What is the only GAG without proteoglycan?

A

✓ Hyaluronic acid - only gag that does not arise from proteoglycan

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117
Q

What is the most common adhesion protein found in connective tissue?

A

✓ Fibronectin - seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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118
Q

What is the adhesion protein found in bone?

A

✓ Oseteonectin - found in BONE

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119
Q

What are the basic types of protein in the body?

A 
✓ Collagen
✓ Elastin
✓ Keratin
✓ Albumin
✓ Actin
✓ Titin
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120
Q

What is the MOST NUMEROUS protein in the body?

A

✓ Collagen
• strong protein but still flexible
• strengthen tissues

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121
Q

What vitamin is important for production of collagen?

A

✓ Vitamin C - Collagen

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122
Q

What ds is assoc. with decrease in Vitamin C?

What type of gingivitis is seen?

A

✓ Scurvy

✓ Scorbutic gingivitis - seen in px with Scurvy

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123
Q

5 types of collagen

A 
✓ Type I
✓ Type II
✓ Type III
✓ Type IV 
✓ Type V
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124
Q

What is the most abundant type of collagen?

Where is it seen?

A

✓ Type I
✓ Dermis, Bone, Pulp, Dentin, Cementum, etc.

•Enamel walang collagen xxx

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125
Q

What type of collagen is hyaline cartilage?

A

✓ Type II - Hyaline Car2lage

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126
Q

What type of collagen is retricular fibers and tissues?

A

✓ Type III - Rethreecular fibers and tissues

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127
Q

What are the 3 stages of wound healing?

A

✓ Inflammatory
✓ Proliferative
✓ Remodelling or Wound maturation

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128
Q

What type of collagen is predominant during proliferative stage or beginning of wound healing?
What type of collagen is present during remodelling or wound maturation?

A

✓ Type III - beginning of WH or proliferative stage

✓ Type I - remodelling or wound maturation

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129
Q

What type of collagen is the basement membrane?

A

✓ Type IV - basement membrane is floor so four

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130
Q

What type of collagen is the hair and placenta?

A

✓ Type V - hair and placenta

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131
Q

Highly elastic protein?

A

✓ Elastin

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132
Q

Elastin is found in what organ?

A

✓ Alveoli

• Simple squamous epithelium

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133
Q

What condition is assoc. with loss of elastin on alveoli?

A

✓ Emphysema

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134
Q

Protein most numerous on epidermis?

A

✓ Keratin

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135
Q

Protein on dermis?

A

✓ Type I Collagen

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136
Q

Most numerous protein in blood?

It is produced by what organ?

A

✓ Albumin
• it determines the osmotic pressure
✓ Liver - albumin is produced by liver

  • Albumin is the solute in blood ; High solute = High osmotic pressure
  • Solute can be ALBUMIN or ELECTROLYTES
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137
Q

What determines osmotic pressure of blood?

A

✓ Albumins or Protein

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138
Q

What protein is most numerous in muscle?

A

✓ Actin

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139
Q

What is the largest protein in the body?

A

✓ Titin

•from the word titan

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140
Q

What is the most numerous protein in enamel?

A

✓ Amelogenin

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141
Q

Disease where the px has excessive elastin fiber

A

✓ MARFAN Syndrome
• tall and thin ; long extremities
• elongation of bone —> weakness of tissues in the body

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142
Q

What is the common cause of death of marfan syndrome?

A

✓ Bursting of aorta

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143
Q

Disease where the px has DEFECTIVE collagen fibers

Disease where the px has DEFICIENT collagen fibers

Excessive elastin

A

✓ Ehler- Danlos Syndrome or Rubber man syndrome
• DEFECTIVE collagen fibers —-> flexibility of tissues made up of collagen

✓ Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• DEFICIENT collagen fibers

✓ Marfan syndrome
• excessive ELASTIN

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144
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is assoc with?

A

✓ Bluish sclera (veins yun kaya blue)
✓ Dentinogenesis imperfecta
✓ Fractures

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145
Q

Connective tissue cells

A

Connective tissue cells

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146
Q

It secretes fibers

What is the shape?

A

✓ Fibroblast
• Similar to SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
• Spindle-shaped
• for CONTRACTION

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147
Q

Among the ff. w/c is capable of contracting?

A 
✓ Skeletal 
✓ Cardiac
✓ Smooth
✓ Fibroblast
* If walang, skeletal, cardiac, smooth then FIBROBLAST!!!!
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148
Q

Combination of numerous monocytes or maturation of monocytes

Where does it formed?

A

✓ Macrophages

✓ Formed @ BONE MARROW

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149
Q

Phagocyte of blood and is precursor of macrophages

A

✓ Monocyte

  • If nasa BV, monocyte. If lumabas ng BV, then macrophage na siya.
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150
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

✓ Marcophages
✓ Dendritic cells
✓ Langerhans cells
✓ B cell

Cells that presents antigen —> MDLB

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151
Q

Fixed macrophages are the ff

A

Fixed macrophages are the ff

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152
Q 
Macrophage of Liver?
Macrophage of CNS?
Macrophage of Lungs?
Macrophage of Lymph nodes and Connective tissues?
Macrophage of Epidermis?
Macrophage of Granuloma?
Macrophage of Bone?
Macrophage of Placenta?
Macrophage of lymph node or spleen?
Macrophage of Kidney?
A

ALL ARE FIXED MACROPHAGES

✓ Kupffer cells - LIVER

✓ Microglia - CNS

✓ Dust cells / Alveolar Macrophages - LUNGS

✓ Histiocytes - Lymph node and Connective tissues

✓ Langerhans cells - EPIDERMIS

✓ Epitheloid cells and Langhans cells (fused epitheloid cells) - GRANULOMA

✓ Osteoclast - BONE ; bone resorption

✓ Hofbauer cells - PLACENTA

✓ Dendritic cells - lymph node or spleen

✓ Mesangial cells or Intraglomerular cells - KIDNEY

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153
Q

Heart failure cells

A

✓ Dust cell + Hemosiderin = Heart failure cells

• Hemosiderin
° pigment ; YELLOW-BROWN-BLACK
° IRON accumulation

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154
Q

What is the macrophage in tooth or pulp?

A

✓ Histiocytes

• Since, tooth or pulp is CONNECTIVE tissue. Then, it’s macrophage is histiocytes.

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155
Q

What is the surveillance cells of pulp?

A

✓ Histiocytes

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156
Q

What is the macrophage of epidermis (STRATUM SPINOSUM)

A

✓ Langerhan cells - Epidermis (Stratum Spinosum)

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157
Q

What are fused epitheloid cells?

A

✓ Langhans cells

• Epitheloid cells and Langhans cells
° M of Granuloma
° Seen in TB or Tooth granuloma

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158
Q

What are macrophages of kidney?

A

✓ Mesangial cells
✓ Intraglomerular cells
• Glomerular filtration

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159
Q

What is the depression where you can find the osteoclast?

A

✓ Howship’s lacuna

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160
Q

Macrophages that continuously move in the body

A

✓ Wandering macrophages

• Chemotaxis - movement of MO towards a chemotactic agent

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161
Q

Movement of MO towards a chemotactic agent

A

✓ Chemotaxis

162
Q

Fat cells or adipose cells

A

✓ Adipocytes
• SIGNET RING
• Insulin sensitive cells

163
Q

Cartilage has direct supply of nerves and blood vessels

T or F

A

✓ F
• Cartilage DOES NOT have direct supply of nerves and blood vessels
• Adv. - if it is damaged, it is not painful
• Dis. - you don’t know it’s damage since no BV and nerve so slow healing process

164
Q

What are two types of cartilagenous growth or bone growth?

A

✓ Interstitial

✓ Appositional

165
Q

Growth WITHIN the tissue
Responsible for _____ process of long bones
Happens during ______ only

A

✓ Interstitial
• responsible for LENGTHENING process of long bones
• happens during GROWTH SPURT only

✓ B/w epiphysis and diaphysis is the EPIPHYSEAL PLATE which is a HYALINE CARTILAGE

✓ Growth spurt —> PITUITARY GLAND releases GH excessively which leads to CHONDROGENESIS PROCESS. So yung since dadami cartilage cells, ippush niya yung epiphysis and diaphysis which will lead to EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH so hahaba na bones or tatangkad

✓ Elongation of bone is due to cartilage (Interstitial)

•Hindi pa nagcclose yung epiphyseal plate

166
Q

Growth on EXTERNAL surface

Continuous throughout life (adulthood)

A

✓ Appositional
• Growth on external surface
• Continuous throughout life
• Both in cartilage tissue and bone tissue

✓ As the bone matures, magcclose yung epiphyseal plate. Once na close na siya, EPIPHYSEAL PLATE will become METAPHYSIS (bone tissue)

✓ Pituitary gland still release GH but since wala ng cartilage (Chondrogenesis) there is no growth. Instead, magWWIDEN!

✓ So, appositional growth is responsible for WIDENING PROCESS and it is continuous throughout life

167
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

✓ Hyaline cartilage
✓ Elastic cartilage
✓ Fibrocartilage

168
Q

What is the most numerous cartilage?

A 
✓ Hyaline cartilage
    • most NUMEROUS but WEAKEST cartilage
    • numerous CHONDROCYTES but few collagen fibers
    • Found in:
       ✓ END OF BONE that forms joints
       ✓ NOSE
       ✓ FETAL SKELETON
       ✓ TRACHEA
       ✓ BRONCHI
       ✓ SYNCHONDROSIS
169
Q

Elastic cartilage is composed of?

A

✓ Chondrocytes + Elastic fibers

✓ Elastic cartilages is the least common

170
Q

Elastic cartilage is found where?

A

PEE
✓ Pinna (Auricle)

✓ Epiglottis
• closes the LARYNX during swallowing

✓ Eustachian tube
• connect NASOPHARYNX to MIDDLE EAR

171
Q

What is the strongest cartilage?

A

✓ FIBROCARTILAGE

• fewer chondrocytes + THICK COLLAGEN fibers

172
Q

Fibrocartilage is found where?

A 
✓ Meniscus KNEE JOINT and TMJ
✓ Symphysial joints
     • cartilagenous joints na makikita sa midline ng body
     • Symphysis menti
     • Symphysis pubis
     • Manubriosternal joint
     • Intervertebral disc
173
Q

What is the most complex joint?

A

✓ KNEE JOINT and

✓ TMJ

174
Q

What is the most commonly torn ligament in human body?

A

✓ ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) - knee joint

175
Q

Summarize

A

Fibrocartilage - KNEE JOINT and TMJ ; SYMPHYSIAL JOINTS like Symphysis PUBIS, Symphysis MENTIS, MANUBRIOSTERNAL joint, INTERVERTEBRAL disc

Elastic cartilage - PEE ; PINNA or AURICLE, EPIGLOTTIS, EUSTACHIAN TUBE

Yung mga wala, HYALINE Cartilage!

176
Q

Symphysial joint sa mandible

Symphysial joint between hip bones/pelvic bones/ coxal bones

Symphysisl joint b/w manubrium and body of sternum

A

✓ Symphysis menti - mandible

✓ Symphysis pubis - b/w hip bones or coxal bones or pelvic bones

✓ Manubriosternal joint - b/w manubrium and body of sternum

177
Q

What is the largest foramen in human body?

A

✓ Obturator foramen

• sa may pelvic

178
Q

What is the largest foramen in head and neck?

A

✓ Foramen magnum

179
Q

Other term for manubriosternal joint?

Why is it elevated? What is the structure lateral to it?

A

✓ Sternal angle or Angle of Louis

✓ Lateral side of sternal angle of angle of louis is the 2ND RIB!

Ginagamit pag magstart magbilang ng rib for THORACOCENTESIS @ 7TH intercostal space

180
Q

How many pairs of ribs?

True ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

A

✓ 12 pairs ; 24 ribs

✓ True ribs - (1 to 7) 7 pairs

✓ False ribs - (8 to 12) 5 pairs
•Floating ribs - (11 to 12)

181
Q

When there is fluid in the thoracic cavity, what intercostal space is the drainage done?

What is the name of procedure?

A

✓ 7th intercostal space (be)
✓ 6th, 7th or 8th

✓ THORACOCENTESIS

182
Q

Symphysisl joint b/w vertebra

What structure found sa gitna ng vertebra

A

✓ Intervertebral disc

✓ Nucleus Pulposus

• Slip disc or Herniated disc (Angel Locsin)
° Compressing nerve so you will feel a lot of PAIN ; Numbness or Paralysis
° So dahil masakit, you will take STEROIDS. E steroid, side effect is ABNORMAL FAT METABOLISM. So tataba ka

183
Q

Two types of bone

What is the strongest type of bone?

A

✓ Compact bone
✓ Spongy bone

✓ Compact bone - STRONGEST type of bone

184
Q

Compact bone is made up of?

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

A

✓ CB is made up of concentric structure HAVERSIAN or OSTEON

✓ OSTEON - fxnal unit of CB

185
Q

What is seen in the middle of osteon?

A

✓ Haversian canal
✓ Neurovascular bundles
• triad of VEINS, NERVES, ARTERIES
✓ BLOOD VESSELS (be)

186
Q

Made up of trabeculae

Other term

A

✓ Spongy bone or Cancellous bone or Trabeculae bone

187
Q

B/w the trabeculae of spongy bone, we can find the?

A

✓ Bone marrow tissue - b/w trabeculae of spongy bone

188
Q

Responsible for hematopoiesis

Responsible for fat storage

A

✓ RED bone marrow - hematopoiesis or blood production

✓ YELLOW bone marrow - fat storage

189
Q

Type of bone growth that happens in mature bone?

A

✓ Appositional

190
Q

Composition of blood

A

✓ 55% Plasma - mostly water (95%) and other substances

✓ 45 % Formed elements - bloods cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets)

191
Q

White blood cells other term

Normal WBC count?

A

✓ Leukocytes (WBC)

✓ 4,500 - 11,000 cell / microliter of blood
✓ Ave. 10,000 cell / microliter of blood

192
Q

Increase WBC

Decrease WBC

A

✓ Leukocytosis - increase WBC
• increase NEUTROPHILS so merong (Acute bacterial infection)

✓ Leukopenia or Leukocytopenia - decrease WBC
• immune system is failing

193
Q

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

A

✓ Granulocytes (BEN) - WBC with granules
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils

✓ Agranulocytes
• Monocyte
• Lymphocyte

194
Q

What is the least numerous WBC?

A

✓ Basophils

*Never Let Monkey Eat Bananas (most numerous to least)

195
Q

Basophil contains?

A

✓ Heparin

✓ Histamine

196
Q

What cells release heparin?

A

✓ Basophils

197
Q

Most histamine came from?

A

✓ Mast cells

• Histamine effect - Allergies ; Redness due to vasodilation ; Inflammation

198
Q

Responsible primarily for parasitic infection

A

✓ Eosinophil - parasitic infections

• also allergies, virus

199
Q

What is the first line of defense of WBC esp. bacterial infection?

Other term

A

✓ Neutrophils or
✓ Stab cell or
✓ Polymorphonuclear cells

200
Q

What are the granules secreted by neutrophils?

A

✓ Azurophilic granules

• If masyado marami bacteria, SEVERE INFECTION, magpapkamatay neutrophil or isasacrifice niya self niya para sasabog then marami mamamatay which will lead to development of PUS!!!!

• So what are the primary contents of pus?
✓ Dead neutrophils plus enzymes and proteins
✓ Dead bacteria plus enzymes and proteins
✓ Other dead cells

201
Q

Which of the ff. is also known as polymorphonuclear cells?

A

✓ Neutrophils

202
Q

What is the LARGEST WBC?

What is the shape of its nucleus?

A

✓ Monocyte - LARGEST

• single KIDNEY-shaped nucleus

203
Q

Wjat is the smallest WBC?

A

✓ Lymphocyte

✓ Increase Lymphocyte is
• Lymphocytosis - VIRAL infection (early stages) ; CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTION

✓ Decrease lymphocyte is
• Lymphocytopenia - immune system is failing

✓ Acute bact infection - Neutrophils
✓ Chronis bact infection - Lymphocyte
✓ Viral infection - Lymphocyte

204
Q

2 types of Lymphocyte

Where do they mature?

A

✓ B lymphocyte / B cell and T lymphocyte

✓ B lymphocyte matures @ Bone marrow

✓ T lymphocyte matures @ Thymus - very important lymphoid organ or lymphoid tissue

205
Q

What cell is discovered in Bursa of Fabricus?

A

✓ B cell
• Bursa is shock absorber
• Bursa of fabricus of a bird

206
Q

What is the growth peak of thymus?

Then it starts to shrink at what age

A

✓ 10-12 years old - growth peak
• Thymus grows tremendously 200% of its original size

✓ Then starts to shrink at about 20 years old ; 100% in size
• @ 21 liliit uli

207
Q

What organ grows 200% of its origin size?

A

✓ Thymus

208
Q

Three types of T lymphocytes

A

✓ CD4
✓ CD8
✓ Naural killer cells

209
Q

T helper cells

Cytotoxic cells

A

✓ CD4 - t helper

✓ CD8 - Cytotoxic to the cell / kills your own cell
• CD8 kills infected cells and abnormal cells or cancer cells

✓ Natural killer cells is a special type of CD8

209
Q

T helper cells

Cytotoxic cells

A

✓ CD4 - t helper

✓ CD8 - Cytotoxic to the cell / kills your own cell
• CD8 kills infected cells and abnormal cells or cancer cells

✓ Natural killer cells is a special type of CD8

210
Q

RBC other term

Life span

How many days for it to mature

A

✓ RBC or Erythrocyte

✓ 120 days life span

✓ 7 days maturity

211
Q

Normal RBC count for female, male, and average

Increase RBC

Decrease RBC

A

✓ Female : 4-5 million / microliter (uL)

✓ Male : 5-6 million / microliter (uL)

✓ Average : 5 million / microliter of blood (uL)

✓ Polycythemia Vera or Erythrocytosis - increase RBC

✓ Anemia - decrease RBC

  • Why mas marami male? Bc in male, increase testosterone. Eh increase testosterone = increase development of tissues or muscles so magdedemand more energy, more ATP, more oxygen, more RBC.
212
Q

Universal Donor

Universal Recipient

A

✔️ Universal donor - O-

✔️ Universal Recipient - AB+

213
Q

What is the most important chemical for RBC production?

A

✔️ IRON

214
Q

Iron is primarily absorbed in?

Decreased Iron

A

✔️ Duodenum (Small Intestine) - IDu

✔️ Decreased Iron - IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA ; So decreased in RBC prodction bc kulang sa Iron

215
Q

What is the most common type of Anemia?

What is the treatment?

A

✔️ Iron Deficiency Anemia

✔️ Ferrous Sulfate - w/c causes YELLOWISH teeth, tooth discoloration

216
Q

Type of anemia assoc with yellowish teeth?

A

✔️ Iron deficiency anema - due to ferrous sulfate

217
Q

Ano tawag sa + - sa blood type?

A

✔️ Rtesus factor

218
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

✔️ WBC
✔️ RBC
✔️ Platelets

219
Q

It determines fragility of capillaries

A

✔️ Platelets or Thrombocytes

220
Q

Inc. Platelets

Dec. Platelets

A

✔️ Thrombocytosis - INC platelets;INC CLOT

✔️ Thrombocytopenia - DEC platelets;DEC CLOT so prone to bleeding or hemorrhage

221
Q

Lifespan of platelets

Normal value

A

✔️ 10 days

✔️ 150,000 - 450,000 cells / microliter of blood (uL)

222
Q

Epith of capillary

A

✔️ Simple Squamous epith - Alveoli, capillaries

▪️ Platelets try to stregthen capillaries so if dec platelets, it will lead to BLEEDING.

223
Q

Capillary fragility test is also known as? 2

A

✔️ Torniquette test or
✔️ Rumpel-leede test

▪️ If dec platelets, may mga hemorrhages.

224
Q

Fragment of bone marrow cells known as MEGAKARYOCYTES

A

✔️ Platelets

225
Q

What virus destroy cells of bone marrow

A

✔️ Dengue fever - destroy cells of bone marrow leading to dec platelets. Kaya nagbbleed

226
Q

Dengue virus is from what family

A

✔️ Flavivirus

227
Q

It produces antibodies or immunoglobulins

What’s its appearance?

A

✔️ Plasma cells

✔️ Clockface or Cartwheel appearance

228
Q

Most numerous immunoglobulin

A

✔️ IgG

229
Q

Immunoglobulin that crosses placental barrier

A

✔️ IgG

230
Q

Immunoglobulins seen in Periodontitis

A

✔️ IgG

231
Q

IgG

A 
IgG
✔️ most NUMEROUS
✔️ Periodontitis
✔️ Cross tayo placental barrier? G! 
✔️ Prevents formation of allergies
232
Q

Placental barrier

A

✔️ PB - allows exchange of gases but does not allow bacteria

▪️ Baby has temporary immunity because of Ig from the mother up to 6 MONTHS ONLY that’s why vaccine vaccine vaccine!

*Vaccine to lessen the symptom but you can still have the virus (covid)

233
Q

Immunoglobulins present in body fluids and GIT

A

✔️ IgA - body fluids and GIT

234
Q

First line of defense of immunoglobulins

A

✔️ IgM

▪️ If there is infection, una yung IgM.

235
Q

In antibody test kita, ano Immunoglobulins

A

✓ IgM
✓ IgG
Positive or negative

• If early stage of infection,
°IgM ➕
° IgG ➖

• If middle of infection,
°IgM ➕
°IgG ➕

•If late stage of infection, pagaling na
°IgM ➖
°IgG ➕

236
Q

COVID

A

✓ COVID madedetect ng APC then ippresent niya sa CD4 then yung CD4 iaalert niya yung B cells then yung B cells magtatransform sa Plasma cells then magpprobuce ng Antibodies or Immunoglobulins yung Plasma cells.

237
Q

What immunoglobulin is converted to IgG?

A

✓ IgM (be)

•But actually, not converted naman. Plasma cells change their secretion from IgM to IgG!

238
Q

Types of swab test

A

✓ Antigen test - Antigen/COVID
✓ RT-PCR Test -more accurate ; GOLD STANDARD

• Antibody test NOOOO bc around 10 days before IgM is detected so INACCURATE!

239
Q

What immunglobulin is active during allergic reactions?

A

✓ IgE
• Allergic reactions
•PARASITIC infections

240
Q

What immunoglobulins is the defense against allergies?

A

✓ IgG - DEFENSE against allergies

•IgM - siya yung nagccause ng allergies or present siya sa allergies

241
Q

Unknow function Ig

A

✓ IgD

242
Q

Its function is to REABSORB fluid that is not reabsorbed by the veins

Its function is to FILTER fluid in circulatory system

FLUID is called?

A

✓ Lymphatic system

✓ Lymph

243
Q

It is where the arteries and veins meet ; “Exchange system”

A

✓ Capillaries -lined by simple squamous

244
Q

Carry blood away from the heart

Oxygenated or Deoxygenated

Carry blood towards from the heart

Oxygenated or Deoxygenated

A

✓ Arteries - Away
•Oxygenated

✓ Veins - Towards
•Deoxygenated

245
Q

Capillary OUT
Capillary IN

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Plasma/Blood hydrostatic pressure
Plasma/Blood colloid oncotic pressure
Interstitial fluid osmotic or oncotic pressure

A

Capillary OUT
✓ Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
✓ Interstitial fluid osmotic or oncotic pressure

Capillary IN
✓ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
✓ Plasma/Blood colloid oncotic pressure

Kasi diba of HYDROSTATIC pressure - HIGH to LOW
If ONCOTIC/OSMOTIC pressure -LOW to HIGH

  • Interstitium is LABAS ng BV
  • As the proteins accumulate on interstitium, tumataas osmotic pressure sa interstitium.
  • If hydrostatic pressure lang nakalagay, automatic blooc tinutukoy
246
Q

Pressure created by fluid against the capillary wall

A

✓ Hydrostatic pressure

247
Q

Area or space where you can find cell

A

✓ Interstitium

248
Q

Pressure created by proteins

Proteins =

A

✓ Osmotic pressure

✓ Proteins = Colloid

Kaya Colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure

249
Q

Capillary OUT / fluid that move out of capillaries

A

✓ Blood or Plasma Hydrostatic Pressure
✓ Interstitial fluid osmotic or oncotic pressure

• They both INCREASE FLUID IN THE INTERSTITIUM or increase/excess fluid that move out of the capillaries

250
Q

What do you call the fluid that moves out of the capillaries?

Then it leads to?

A

✓ Transudate -excess fluid the move out of capillaries which leads to

✓ Swelling or Edema

251
Q

Capillary IN

A

✓ Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

✓ Plasma/Blood Oncotic Pressure

252
Q

Most numerous protein in blood?

A

✓ Albumin

253
Q

What are the PRIMARY Lymphatic Organ

What are the SECONDARY Lymphatic Organ

A

Primary
✓ Bone Marrow
✓ Thymus

Secondary
✓ Spleen
✓ Tonsils
✓ Lymph nodes

SeconTaLy

Primary BaTa

254
Q

Lymphatic ducts drains @?

A

✓ Lymphatic Ducts drains at:

• JUNCTION of INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

255
Q

What is the Largest lymphatic duct?

Other term

A

✓ Left Lymphatic Duct - largest
OR
✓ Thoracic duct

256
Q

Dilated sac at lower end of thoracic duct that drains lymph from INTESTINAL and LUMBAR area

A

✓ Cisterna Chyli

257
Q

What are the capillary pressure

A

✓ hYdrostatic pressure

✓ Osmotic pressure

258
Q

Pressure that pushen fluid out of the capillaries

A

✓ Hydrostatic pressure

259
Q

Pressure that moves fluid IN capillaries ; determined by ALBUMIN

A

✓ Colloid Osmotic Pressure

*If wala nakalagay, automatic blood tinutukoy

260
Q

RED pulp of spleen contains?

WHITE pulp of spleen contains?

A

RED PULP
✓ RBC
✓ Macrophages

WHITE PULP
✓ B lymphocytrs
✓ T lymphocytes

261
Q

What is the largest system of the body

What are the 2 parts

A

✓ Integumentary system

✓ Epidermis and Dermis

262
Q

What is the epith of EPIDERMIS?

What are the 4 cell types?

A

✓ Stratified Squamous Epithelium

✓ Keratinocytes
✓ Melanocytes
✓ Langerhan cells
✓ Merkel cells

263
Q

What is the most numerous cell in epidermis?

It produces?

A

✓ Kerinocytes - most numerous

• produces Keratin

264
Q

It produces pigment melanin

Brown to black pigment

Yellow to red pigment

A

✓ Melanocytes

✓ Eumelanin - brown to black

✓ Pheomelanin - yellow to red

Eu/Ikaw-Pilipino so brown to black

265
Q

Nucleus is usually located AWAY or NEAR the UV RAYS?

AWAY or TOWARD skin?

A

✓ Away from UV RAYS
✓ Toward the skin

•Melanocyte is VERY SUSCEPTIBLE to UV RAYS kaya takot na takot so lumalalayo siya sa uv rays so napupunta malapit sa skin

266
Q

What is the embyronic origin of melanocytes?

A

✓ Neural Crest Cells

267
Q

Embryonic origin of MELANOCYTES and NEUROGLIA

A

✓ Neural crest cells - Melanocytes and Neuroglia

268
Q

Macrophage of epidermis?

A

✓ Langerhans cells

269
Q

Least numerous cells in epidermis?

Located where

A

✓ Merkel cells - LEAST numerous

•located at STARUM BASALE (pinakailalim)

270
Q

Responsible for sense of touch?

A

✓ Merkel cells

✓ Meissners corpuscle

271
Q

Merkel cells contact a sensory neuron called

A

✓ Merkel disc or Tactile disk

272
Q

What are the layers of epidermis?

A 
BSGLC (deepest to surface)
✓ Stratum Basale
✓ Stratum Spinosum
✓ Stratum Granulosum
✓ Stratum Lucidum
✓ Stratum Corneum
273
Q

Deepest layer

A

✓ Stratum Basale

274
Q

Keratin comes from?

Or the derivation of protein

A

✓ Tonofilaments - derivation of keratin

275
Q

Tonofilament is found where?

A

✓ Stratum Basale

• Tonofilament is found at deepest layer which is SB. So sa SB wala pang keratin pero merong keratofilament.

276
Q

What layer of epidermis has the highest mitotic activity of keratinocytes?

A 
✓ Stratum Basale
    • Deepest
    • Site of TONOFILAMENT PRODUCTION
    • X keratin ; ✓ Tonofilaments 
    • Highest MITOTIC acitivty of KERATINOCYTES
277
Q

What are the 2 cells found at Stratum Basale?

A

✓ Merkel cells - for TOUCH sensation
✓ Melanocytes - melanin production in melanosome

•Pasale daw si Mela at Merk

278
Q

Site of tonofilament production?

A

✓ Stratum Basale
✓ Stratum Spinosum

dalwang deep

279
Q

Other term for stratum spinosum

A

Stratum spinosu or
✓ Prickle cell layer
✓ Spiny layer

✓Stratum Spinosum
• sute of tonofilament production same as SB
• BUT nagddecrease na yung mitotic activity of melanocytes

280
Q

Langerhans cells is found where? What specific layer of epidermis?

A

✓ Statum Spinosum

•Spine or Spiny yung Hanger or langerhans

281
Q

What are the active layers of epidermis?

A

✓ Epidermis
• X nerve supply
• X blood supply

✓ Active layer
• Stratum Basale
• Stratum Spinosum

282
Q

Combinatiom of Stratum Basale And Stratum Spinosum?

A

✓ Stratum Germinativum or
✓ Malphigian layer

*BS!!!!

283
Q

Disease assoc. with ABSENCE of melanin?

Disease assoc with DEFICIENCY in melanin?

A

✓ ALBINISM
• NO MELANIN
• Normal count of melanocyte but cannot create melanin bc kulang yung ENZYME

✓ VITILIGO
• Deficieny ni melanin
• Yung jowa ni kyle kuzma na model

284
Q

Amino acid needed to produce melanin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine?

A 
✓ TYROSINE - needed to produce
     • Dopamine
     • Epi
     • Norpi
     • Thyroxine
      • Melanin
285
Q

Layer of epi with granules

A

✓ Stratum Granulosum
• cells are undergoing APOPTOSIS - programmed cell death
• NO MITOTIC ACTIVITY - bc deficient na sa nutrients
• NO TONOFILAMENTS

286
Q

Keratin is produced where?

A

✓ STRATUM GRANULOSUM

Keratin sa SG!
Tono sa SB!

287
Q

What are the 2 granules?

A

✓ Keratohyalin granules

✓ Lamellar granules

288
Q

Converts tonofilament to keratin

Layer of lipid

Preserve moisture on skin to prevent drying

A

✓ KERATOHYALIN granules
•converts TONOFILAMENT to KERATIN

✓ LAMELLAR granules
• layer of LIPID
• preserve MOISTURE on skin to PREVENT DRYING

289
Q

Other term from Stratum Lucidum

Where is it found

A

✓ Translucen layer or
✓ Clear cell layer

✓ Stratum Lucidum found @ THICK SKIN like
• FINGERTIPS
• PALMS
• SOLES

290
Q

Horny layer

Most numerous layer

A

✓ Stratum Corneum - Horny
• MOST NUMEROUS

  • dami horny
291
Q

What is the thickest layer?

What is the most mumerous layer?

A

✓ Stratum Spinosum - THICKEST

✓ Stratum Corneum - MOST NUMEROUS

292
Q

Abnormal thickening of S. Corneum due to constant friction?

Rapid multiplication of keratinocytes

Keratinocytes divise and move more quickly

A

✓ CALLUS - abn thickening

✓ PSORIASIS
•rapid multiplication of keratinocytes
• keratinocytes divide and move quickly
• NO PROTECTIVE FUNCTION
• PREMATURE shedding of Skin

293
Q

Excess keratinocyte shedding @ SCALP

What is SCALP

A

✓ Dandruffs

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeuroses
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
294
Q

S/s of Psoriasis

A

SAM

✓ Silvery scales
✓ Auspitz sign
✓ Monroes abscess

295
Q

Cardinal sign of psoriasis

A

✓ Monroe’s abscess

296
Q

Bleeding spots in psoriasis

A

✓ Auspitz sign

297
Q

Abnormal keratin production

A

✓ Silvery scales
• abn thickening production
• thicken skin

298
Q

Second part of integumentary system

A

✓ Dermis

299
Q

Whick is thicker? Epi or Dermis

A

✓ DERMIS is THICKER

300
Q

Dermis is made up of?

A

✓ Collagen and

✓ Elastic fibers

301
Q

What provides blood supply for epidermis?

A

✓ Dermis

302
Q

What are the 2 layers of dermis?

A

✓ Papillary layer

✓ Reticular layer

303
Q

Rete pegs is found where?

A

✓ Rete pegs @ Epidermis

304
Q

Rete pegs is found where?

Dermal papilla is found where?

A

✓ Rete pegs @ Epidermis
•projects toward DERMIS

✓ Dermal papillae @ Dermis
•projects toward epidermis

305
Q

Where is dermal papillae found? What layer of dermis?

A

✓ @ Dermis PAPILLARY LAYER

✓ Papillary layer is THINNER

306
Q

Which is thicker? Reticular or papillary

A

✓ RETICULAR LAYER is THICKER
• attached to subcutaneous later on hypodermis
• MAJOR NUTRIENT SUPPLIER FOR SKIN

Nasa ilalim

307
Q

What are epidermal projections toward dermis?

A

✓ Rete pegs

308
Q

Wjat are nipple like projections toward epidermis?

A

✓ Dermal papillae

309
Q

Disease asslciated with SAW-TOOTH like rete pegs

A

✓ LICHEN PLANUS
•SAW-tooth like rete pegs

✓ LICHEN PLANUS
• Hx : ABSENCE OF RETE PEGS
• White lesions commonly seen on buccal mucosa “Wickham’s striae”

310
Q

MECHANORECEPTORS

Receptor for touch

Hot and Stretch

Cold

Pressure and propriception

Main receptor for proprioception found in JOINTS

Pain

A

✓ TOUCH
•Meissners corpuscle/corpuscle of touch
°numerous on THICK SKIN
• Merkels Disc (Tactile Disc)

✓Hot and Stretch
• Ruffini’s corpuscles or Bulbous corpuscles

✓ Cold
• End bulb of Krause

✓ Pressure and Proprioception
• Pacinian corpuscles

✓ Main receptor for proprioception found in JOINTS
• Proprioceptors

✓ Pain - also free nerve endings
• Nociceptors

311
Q

Onion shape receptor

A

✓ Pacinian corpuscles

312
Q

To detect position of the body

A

✓ Proprioception

•Look somewhere then move your finger up or down. You’ll know if it’s up or down even if di mo kita siz. Thats bc of proprioceptors

313
Q

Other term for scar

Formation of scar

3 types of scar

A

✓ Cicatrix

✓ Cicatrization

✓ Atrophic scar
✓ Hypertrophic scar
✓ Keloid / Cheloid

314
Q

Sunken scar

Slightly elevated scar

Excessively elevated scar

A

✓ Atrophic scar - sunken

✓ Hypertrophic scar - slightly elevated

✓ Keloid / Cheloid - excessively elevated scar

315
Q

Melanin deposit on skin due to exposure lagi sa UV Rays

Other term

A

✓ Ephelis or Ephelides - Freckles
• Melanin deposoit on skin due to exposure sa UV rays.
• SO ALWAYS USE SUNBLOCK!!!!

316
Q

Melanocyte overgrowth

Excessive multiplication of melanocyte

A

✓ Mole / Nevus
•melanocyte overgrowth
• excessive multiplication of melanocyte

317
Q

What is the most dangerous type of nevus?

Deadliest skin cancer?

A

✓ JUNCTIONAL Nevus
• most DANGEROURS bc it commonly transforms to MALIGNANT MELANOMA and MM is the deadliest skin cancer
• Junctional nevus is the mole on junction of epidermis and dermis

✓ Malignant melanoma
• deadliest skin cancer
• usually 3-6 months :(((( wala na

318
Q

Pain the is coming from a part of the body which is not there

A

✓ Phantom pain
• like kay Arizona Robbins
• due to CHEMOTHERAPHY

319
Q

Skin color can be affected by? Give 3

A

✓ Melanin
✓ Carotene
✓ Hemoglobin

320
Q

2 types of melanin

A

✓ Eumelanin - brown to black

✓ Pheomelanin - yellow to red

321
Q

It is a RED protein that carries oxygen

Normal on female

Normal on male

Average

A

✓ Hemoglobin
• Red protein that carries oxygen
• RBC

✓ Female Hemoglobin
• 12-14 g/dl

✓ Male Hemoglobin
• 14-16 g/dl

✓Average Hemoglobin
• 14 g / dl
• 15 g / dl

322
Q

Orange pigment

For Vitamin A production

A

✓ Carotene
•orange pigments ; carrots
• for Vit. A (Retinol) production

323
Q

Other term for Vit. A

A

✓ Retinol

• Vit A ; vision, skin, bone, etc.

324
Q

Difficulty to see at night?

A

✓ Nyctalopia / Night blindness
• diff to see at night
• kalabasa to prevent developing nyctalopia

325
Q

Keratin accumulation on eyes?

A

✓ Bitot’s spots

• keratin accumulation on eyes

326
Q

Vit. B1

Vit. B2

Vit. B3

Vit. B4

Vit. B5

Vit. B6

Vit. B7

Vit. B8

Vit. B9

Vit. B10

Vit. B11

Vit. B12

Vit. C

A

Vit. B1 - THIAMINE

Vit. B2 - RIBOFLAVIN

Vit. B3 - NIACIN / NICOTINIC ACID

Vit. B4 - Adenine

Vit. B5 - Pantothenic Acid

Vit. B6 - PYRIDOXINE

Vit. B7 - BIOTIN

Vit. B8 - Inositol

Vit. B9 - FOLIC ACID

Vit. B10 - PABA (Para amino benzoic acid)

Vit. B11 - Salicyclic acid

Vit. B12 - COBALAMIN / CYANOCOBALAMIN

Vit. C - ASCORBIC ACID

327
Q

Vitamin for energy production ( muscle / nerve)

Deficiency

A

Vitamin for energy production ( muscle / nerve)
✓ Vit. B1 (THIAMINE)

Vit. B1 deficiency?
✓ BERI - BERI

328
Q

Growth and RBC production

Deficiency

A

Growth and RBC production
✓ Vit. B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)

Vit. B2 deficiency
✓ ANGULAR CHEILITIS - inflamm on angle of lips or “PERLECHE”
✓ GLOSSITIS
✓ SORE THROAT

329
Q

Digestion / ATP production

Deficiency

A

Digestion / ATP production
✓ Vit. B3 (NIACIN / NICOTINIC ACID)

Vit. B3 deficiency
✓ PELLAGRA

330
Q

4 Ds of pellagra

A

✓ Diarrhea
✓ Dementia
✓ Dermatitis
✓ Death

331
Q

RBC production ; Important for pregnancy (organogenesis)

Deficiency

A

✓ Vit. B9 (FOLIC ACID)
• RBC production ; Important for pregnancy (organogenesis)

✓ Vit. B9 deficiency
• MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA

*Take B9 prior to pregnancy

332
Q

Vit. B12

Deficiency

A

✓ Vit. B12 ( CYANOCOBALAMIN / COBALAMIN)
• RBC production

✓ Vit. B12 deficiency
• PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

333
Q

Pernicious anemia is assoc with what type of tongue

A

✓ BEEFY TONGUE

• Pernicious anemia / Vit. B12 deficiency

334
Q

Promotes wound healing and maintains healthy tissue

Deficiency

A

✓ Vit. C (Ascorbic acid)
• Promotes wound healing and maintains healthy tissue
• Collagen

✓ Vit. C deficiency
• SCURVY

335
Q

What type of gingivits is assoc. with Vit. C deficiency

A

✓ Scorbutic Gingivitis

✓ SCURVY —–> SCORBUTIC GINGIVITIS

336
Q

For calcium absorption

Deficiency in adults and children

A

✓ Vit. D (Calciferol) “SUNSHINE VITAMIN”
• For calcium absorption

✓ RICKETS - children

✓ OSTEOMALACIA - adults

337
Q

Antioxidant for RBC

A

✓ Vit. E (TOCOPHEROL)

• Antidoxidant for RBC

338
Q

Produced by SMALL INTESTINE

Deficiency

A

✓ Vit. K
• produced by small intestine
• for CLOTTING

✓ Vit. K deficiency
• BLEEDING TENDENCY

Klotting

339
Q

What are the water soluble and fat soluble vitamins

A

✓ WATER soluble
• Vit. B
• Vit. C
• Easily excreted via URINE

✓ FAT soluble
• ADEK
• Nasstore sa fats / adipocytes

340
Q

Absence of melanin / Melanocytes can’t produce melanin

A

✓ ALBINISM

• Absence of melanin / Melanocytes can’t produce melanin

341
Q

Deficiency of melanin on certain parts of body

A

✓ Vitiligo
• Deficiency of melanin on certain parts of body
• jowa ni kyle kuzma

342
Q

Bluish color due to inadequate oxygen

BLUE BABY Syndrome (3 ds.)

A

✓ Cyanosis
• bluish color due to inadequate oxygen

✓ Blue baby syndrome
1. CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
• doesn’t form normally
• TETRALOGY OF FALLOT —-> Bluish baby

  1. ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
    •Rh incompatibility
  2. METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
    • accumulation of methemoglobin
343
Q

Hemoglobin that CANNOT carry OXYGEN

A

✓ Methemoglobin
• hemoglobin that CANNOT carry OXYGEN
• abnormal type of hemoglobin

✓ Methemoglobinemia
• accumulation of methemeglobin
• cam be due to genetics, drugs, etc.

344
Q

Subtype of hemolytic anemia

A

✓ Erythroblastosis fetalis
• subtype of HEMOLYTIC anemia
• normal RBC production but the RBC has a very SHORT LIFESPAN

345
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

✓ ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
• Rh incompatibility

   \+                              -                           RTESUS FACTOR yung +    - DOMINANT        RECESSIVE

Kunwari Rh + father tas Rh - mother then baby nila is Rh +
So ang mangyayari, immune system nung mother will generate Ig against Rh + blood type.

Pero yung FIRST baby, NORMAL pa not yet affected kasi nagfform pa lang ng antibodies/ immunity yung mother.

Yung SECOND baby, form na yung antibodies.
So, HEMOYLTIC anemia —> namamatay agad RBC
dec. RBC = dec. OXYGEN = BLUISH baby / Blue baby syndrome

If Rh - father, Rh + mother then Rh + baby, no problem.

346
Q

Drugs to prevent Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

✓ Rhogam / Rhogram

347
Q

Unhealthy pale appearance due to SHOCK or ANEMIA

A

✓ Pallor

348
Q

SKIN HAIR

A

SKIN HAIR

349
Q

Responsible for hair growth / pili growth

A

✓ Hair matrix cells

• Responsible for hair growth / pili growth

350
Q

Smooth muscles for “ GOOSEBUMPS”

A

✓ Arrector pili muscles

• goosebumpssss

351
Q

Smallest muscle in human body

A

✓ Arrector pili muscle
• SMALLEST MUSCLE in human body
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
• “ GOOSEBUMPS “

352
Q

Smallest skeletal muscle

Smallest smooth muscle

Smallest muscle in human body

A

✓ Stapedius
• smallest skeletal muscles

✓ Arrector Pili muscle
• smallest smooth muscles
• smallest muscles in human bodya

353
Q

How many SKELETAL muscles in human body?

A

✓ 650 skeletal muscles

354
Q

Responsible for TOUCH sensation of hair

A

✓ Hair root PLEXUS
• Responsible for TOUCH sensation of hair
• pag sinasabunutan

355
Q

Partial or complete loss of hairs

A

✓ ALOPECIA

• partial or complete loss of hair

356
Q

Drugs for alopecia

A

Drugs for ALOPECIA

✓ MINOXIDIL - vasoDILATOR

MOA
    Vasodilation of BV
                  ⬇️
   Increase blood flow
                  ⬇️
  Multiplication of cell
                  ⬇️
   Increase hair growth
357
Q

Abnormal androgens causing baldness

A

✓ Androgenic alopecia

358
Q

Androgens came primarily from?

A

✓ ZONA RETICULARIS of Adrenal gland

ANDROGENS is a male sex hormone that promotes
✓✓✓ HAIR GROWTH

359
Q

Baby hair

A

✓ Lanugo - baby hair

360
Q

Excessive hair growth in localized area

Excessive hair growth in generalized area

A

✓ HIRSUTISM - localized area
• genetic disorder ; abnormal genes
• kung san san tumutubo hair like palms wrists

✓ HYPERTRICHOSIS - generalized area

361
Q

Werewolf sydrome

A 
✓ Hypertrichosis
    • "WEREWOLF syndrome"
    • generalized
    • also a genetic disorder ; INHERITED
    • usually namamana ng LALAKI
362
Q

It is the oil on skin or it lubricates hair and skin

A

✓ SEBUM
• it is oil on skin ; lubricates hair and skin

✓ SEBACEOUS GLAND secretes SEBUM to prevent water from evaporating from skin!!!!

363
Q

It produces sweat

Other term

A

✓ SUDORIFEROUS glands or Sweat glands

• produces sweat

364
Q

2 types of sudoriferous gland / sweat gland

A

✓ ECCRINE sweat glands

✓ APOCRINE sweat glands

365
Q

Sweat glands found on axilla?

A

✓ APOCRINE sweat glands

366
Q

APOCRINE glands is found mainly on?

ECCRINE gland is found on?

A 
✓ APOCRINE
    • Axilla
    • Areola
    • Perianal areas
(kilikili, nipples, pwetty)

✓ ECCRINE
• THROUGHOUT the body

367
Q

Waxy material in ear

Secreted by?

A

✓ Cerumen

• waxy material on ear secreted by CERUMINOUS glands

368
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

✓ CalciTRIol or 1, 25 - DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL

369
Q

We need _____ to synthesize Vit. D

Vit D is for?

A

✓ ofc SUNSHINE

✓ Vit D is for CALCIUM ABSORPTION

370
Q

VIT. D SYNTHESIS

A

Una, merong molecule sa skin natin na tinatawag na
7- dehydrocholesterol (inactive) ; since inactive siya need mo ng UV rays para mactivate siya.

Then once activated na 7- dehydrocholesterol will be transported sa LIVER !!!! Then pagdating ng liver, icoconvert siya ng liver para maging CALCIDIOL (inactive) pero inactive pa rin siya.

So CALCIDIOL will be transported sa KIDNEY ; then yung KIDNEY icoconvert siya to CALCITRIOL (active) ; yan na yung active form ng Vit. D.

CALCITRIOL (active form) yung mismong resposible for
CALCIUM ABSORPTION

And other term form CACITRIOL is? 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

371
Q

Vit. D deficiency for adults

Vit. D deficiency for children

A

✓ OSTEOMALACIA
• Vit. D deficiency for ADULTS
• AFTER closure of epiphyseal plates

✓ RICKETS
• Vit. D deficienct for CHILDREN
• BEFORE closure of epiphyseal plates

372
Q

Rickets is assoc with?

A

✓ BOWLEGS / SABER SHIN presentation

Saber (sword)
Shin (tibia)

RICKETS RICKETS RICKETS RICKETS

373
Q

Bowlegs or Saber shin can be seen on what ds? 2

A

✓ Rickets

✓ Congenital form of SYPHILIS

374
Q

What is Vit. D2?

What is Vit. D3?

A

✓ Ergocalciferol (2 Cs) Vit. D2

✓ Cholecalciferol (3 Cs) Vit. D3

375
Q

Sensitive skin when exposed to light rays, especially UV

Drugs likely to cause this

A

✓ PHOTOSENSITIVITY
• Sensitive skin when exposed to light rays, especially UV

✓ Drugs likely to cause photosensitivity
• DOXYCYCLINE or TETRACYCLINE
• some NSAIDS

376
Q

What are the 3 basic forms of SKIN cancer

A

✓ SCC
✓ Basal cell carcinoma
✓ Melanoma

377
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

A

✓ BASAL CC

• MOST COMMON SKIN cancer

378
Q

DEADLIEST skin cancer

Deadliest bc?

A

✓ MELANOMA

• DEADLIEST skin cancer bc of HIGH METASTATIC RATE

379
Q

MOST COMMON CANCER OF ORAL CAVITY

A

✓ SCC

• most common cancer of oral cavity

380
Q

Malignancy of stratum basale

A 
✓ BASAL cell carcinoma
    • most common skin cancer
    • commonly sa MIDFACE
    • common sa mga FARMERS
    • malignany of stratum BASALE

BCC is SLOW GROWING but can undergo metastasis

381
Q

2 common route of metastasis?

A
  • Cancer —-> automatic malignant ; malignant undergoes metastasis
  • Cancer is very invasive and fast growing

✓ Lymphatic vessels
✓ Blood vessels

382
Q

Px with indurated chronic lesion on inner canthus of eye. What possible disease?

A

✓ Basal Cell Carcinoma
• CHRONIC (slow growing)
• INNER CANTHUS (midface)

383
Q

Most common site of SCC?

Most common INTRAORAL site of SCC?

A

✓ LOWER LIP
• most common site

✓ POSTEROLATERAL CORNER OF TONGUE
• most common INTRAORAL site

Sqamous Cell Carcinoma
• 2nd most common skin cancer
• Most common skin cancer of ORAL cavity

Lower lip bc yung upper lip nasshade ng nose

384
Q

What is the histologic feature of SCC?

A

✓ Keratin pearl

385
Q

What cancer presents keratin pearl?

A

✓ SCC - KERATIN pearls

386
Q

Clinical features of melanoma

A

Melanoma
• DEADLIEST SKIN cancer bc of HIGH metastatic rate

Clinical features
A - Assymetry (Irregular shape)

B - Border (Irregular border)

C - Color ( Irregular color)

D - Diameter (Larger than ordinary moles)

E - Evolving (change in size, shape, color)

387
Q

What are the 2 growth pattern of melanoma

A

✓ Radial growth / Horizontal growth

✓ Vertical growth

388
Q

More dangerous growth pattern for melanoma?

A

✓ VERTICAL growth

• more dangerous because it allows tumor/melanoma to ENTER DERMIS ——> METASTASIS

389
Q

It assess percentage of burnt body part

A

✓ Rule of 9

• assess percentage of burnt body part

390
Q

Fluid filled in epidermis to dermis

Large fluid filled

Smalle fluid filled

A

✓ BLISTER
• fluid - filled in epidermis to dermis

✓ BULA / BULAE
• LARGE blister with fluid
• >5 mm

✓ VESICLE
• small blister with fluid
• <5 mm

391
Q

Fluid - filled skin lesion?

a. Bulae
b. Vesicle

A

A. BULAE

Go for bulae, bc vesicle has several meanings.

392
Q

Fluid - filled but with developed epithelial wall / lining

A

✓ Cyst
• Fluid - filled but with developed EPITHELIAL wall / lining
• may be air filled, semi-fluid or fluid filled

393
Q

What is the most common lining of cyst?

A

✓ STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

394
Q

Elevation on skin < 10 mm in dia

Elevation on skin > 10 mm in dia

Alin diyan yung nipple like projection and dome-shaped or dome like

A

✓ Papule
• < 10 mm
• mas maliit
• NIPPLE - like projection / PAPILLA

✓ NODULE
• > 10 mm
• mas malaki
• DOME - SHAPED

395
Q

Elevation on skin < 10 mm in dia

Elevation on skin > 10 mm in dia

Alin diyan yung nipple like projection and dome-shaped or dome like

A

✓ Papule
• < 10 mm
• mas maliit
• NIPPLE - like projection / PAPILLA

✓ NODULE
• > 10 mm
• mas malaki
• DOME - SHAPED

396
Q

Dome shaped muscle?

A

✓ Diaphragm

• when RELAXED (EXHALE)

397
Q

During deep exhalation, what happens?

A

✓ Diaphragm RELAXES and moves SUPERIORLY

• As we INHALE,
°diaphragm CONTRACTS and
°move INFERIORLY ; FLATTENS

• As we EXHALE,
° diaphragm RELAXES and
° move SUPERIORLY (DOME-SHAPED)
° As it relaxes, it pushes the lungs para maexhale air

398
Q

Reddened, elevated, itchy patches of skin ; usually seen in allergic reactions

A

✓ HIVES / URTICARIA
• Reddened, elevated, itchy patches of skin
• usually seen in allergic reactions

399
Q

Most imp hormone in allergic reactions?

A

✓ HISTAMINE

400
Q

Itching

A

✓ PRURITUS - itching

401
Q

Common wart

A

✓ VERRUCA VULGARIS
• common wart
• caused by HPV

  • HPV also causes CERVICAL cancer

2021 (3 decks)

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