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2021 > Cellular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cellular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cell membrane is also known as?

A

✓ Plasma membrane or

✓ Cytoplasmic Membrane

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2
Q

Semi-permeable membrane that regulates passage of substances in and out of cell?

A

✓ Cell membrane or
✓ Plasma Membrane or
✓ Cytoplasmic Membrane

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3
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

✓ Movement of fluid across semi-permeable membrane from LOW osmotic pressure to HIGH osmotic pressure

• Cell membrane allows Osmosis

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4
Q

What is Phospholipid bilayer?

A

✓ Head - Hydrophilic
✓ Tail - Hydrophobic

*Una binabasa yung ULO

• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE and CELL MEMBRANE are both PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

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5
Q

Nucleus contains?

A

✓ DNA and RNA

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6
Q

Nucleus is covered by?

A

✓ Nuclear envelope

which is Phopholipid bilayer

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7
Q

Which is more porous?

a. Nuclear Envelope
b. Cell membrane

A

A. Nuclear envelope bc it contains NUCLEAR PORES which is the “passageway” for molecules

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8
Q

Beads on string appearance?

A

✓ chromaTIN

  • DNA + Histones
  • DNA is a double helical structure then naka-bind siya sa Histones kaya it looks like beads on string
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9
Q

What is the binding site for DNA?

A

✓ Histones

• It also guides coiling of DNA

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10
Q

Condensed chromatin during mitosis

A

✓ chromaTID

Chromatid is magkadikit na chromatin

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11
Q

2 sister chromatids attached together during mitosis by Centromere

A

✓ Chromosomes

Magkapatid na Chromatid

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12
Q

What attaches 2 sister chromatid during mitosis?

A

✓ Centromere

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13
Q

Humans have ___ Chromosomes?

A

✓ 23 pairs of Chromosomes
✓ 46 Chromosomes all in all

  • 44 Autosomes - 22 pairs
  • 2 Sex Chromosomes - 1 pair
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14
Q

Chromosomes that determine gender?

A

✓ Sex Chromosome

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15
Q

Chromosomes that does not determine gender?

A

✓ Autosomes

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16
Q

What is the normal chromosomal configuration?

A

✓ Male - 44XY

✓ Female - 44XX

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17
Q

What is the second “X” in an organism’s chromosomes?

A

✓ Barr bodies
• extra X

  • Female - 44XX - Normal female has 1 BB
  • Male - 44XY - Normal male (No BB)
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18
Q

What syndrome is associated with 44XXY?

A

✓ Klinefelter Syndrome
✓ 44XXY
• MALE but has female features

° 44 Autosomes
° 3 Sex Chromosomes
° 1 BB
° 47 Chromosomes

*Basta may Y, male!

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19
Q

What are the features of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

✓ Micropenis (decrease in size)
✓ Gynecomastia (enlarged breast)
✓ TAURODONTISM or BULL’S TEETH
- enlarged pulp chamber and shortened roots

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20
Q

What syndrome is associated with 44XO?

A

✓ Turner’s Syndrome
✓ 44XO

• Female bc no Y

° 44 Autosomes
° 1 Sex Chromosomes
° No BB
° 45 Chromosomes

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21
Q

What syndrome is associated with 44XXX?

A

✓ Superwoman syndrome or Triiple X Syndrome
✓ 44 XXX

° 44 Autosomes
° 3 Sex Chromosomes
° 2 BB
° 47 Chromosomes

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22
Q

What disease is associated with Bull’s eye lesion?

A

✓ Erythema Multiforme
✓ Lyme Disease
*bull’s eye skin lesions

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23
Q

Erythema Multiforme

A
  • can be caused by drug allergy ot insect bites
  • TYPE I Hypersensitivity
• Subsequent stages: 
Second stage ( STEVEN JOHNSON SYNDROME) nabubulok

Tertiary stage (TOXIC EPIDERMA NECROLYSIS) TEN sobrang lala like snake

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24
Q

Lyme Disease is caused by what bacteria?

A

✓ Borelia Burgdorferi (Ticks)

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25
Q

What is the first true antibiotic?

A

✓ Penicillin

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26
Q

What is the most common allergenic drug?

A

✓ Penicillin

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27
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

✓ Alexander Fleming

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28
Q

Where is the site of ribosomal synthesis?

A

✓ Nucleolus

•found inside nucleus

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29
Q

Programmed cell death

A

✓ Apoptosis

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30
Q

_______ initiated apoptosis

A

✓ Lysosomes

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31
Q

What are the types of nuclear changes during apoptosis?

A

✓ Karyolysis
✓ Pyknosis
✓ Karyorrhexis

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32
Q

Nucleus dissolution or Nuclear fading

A

✓ Karyolysis

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33
Q

Nucleus shrinks and chromatin condenses

A

✓ Pyknosis

• pykpykpyk lumiliit nagsshrink - condenses

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34
Q

Fragmentation of the nucleus and chromatin disintegrates

A

✓ Karyorrhexis

• X (samurai) hinati hati

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35
Q

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

✓ Mitochondria

•where ATP is produced during KREB CYCLE and ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

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36
Q

Kreb’s cycle is also known as?

A

✓ Citric Acid Cycle
✓ Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
✓ Aerobic Respiration

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37
Q

What are the folds in mitochondria?

A

✓ Cristae

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38
Q

What are the 3 ways to produce ATP?

A

✓ Kreb’s cycle and Electron transport chain
• 36-38 ATP, CO2 and H2O

✓ Glycolysis
• 2 ATP ; 2 Pyruvate

✓ Creatine Phosphate
• 1 ATP ; 1 Creatinine

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39
Q

Where do Kreb’s cycle & ETC, Gylcolysis, and Creatine Phosphate happen?

A

✓ Kreb’s cycle and ETC @ MITOCHONDRIA

✓ BOTH Glycolysis and Creatine Phosphate @ CYTOPLASM

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40
Q

What is the end product of Kreb’s cycle and ETC?

A

✓ 36-38 ATP, CO2 and H20

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41
Q

What is the end product of Glycolysis?

A

✓ 2 ATP ; 2 Pyruvate

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42
Q

What is the end product of Creatine phosphate?

A

✓ 1 ATP ; 1 Creatinine

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43
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

✓ Breakdown of GLUCOSE which will generate 2 ATP and 2 PYRUVATE

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44
Q

What is Creatine Phosphate?

A

✓ “Direct Phosphorylation” which will generate 1 ATP and 1 CREATININE

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45
Q

What is the fuel or what are needed to make ATP thru Kreb’s cycle?

A 
OPAF
✓ O2
✓ Pyruvate
✓ Amino acid
✓ Fatty acid
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46
Q

What is the source of energy?

A

✓ ATP

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47
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

A

✓ Ribosomes
• NOT membrane bound
• Composed of rRNA that are created in Nucleolus

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48
Q

What are the types of RNA?

A

✓ mRNA
✓ rRNA
✓ tRNA

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49
Q

rRNA

A

✓ Ribosomal RNA

• form Ribosomes

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50
Q

mRNA

A

✓ Messenger RNA
• carries GENETIC information of DNA
• end-product of TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to RNA)

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51
Q

tRNA

A

✓ Transfer RNA
• TRANSLATES mRNA to produce amino acid that forms protein
• TRANLATION PROCESS or PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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52
Q

Summarize types of RNA

A
  • rRNA - ribosomes
  • tRNA - amino acids - proTeins ; Translation process
  • mRNA - if no modifications
53
Q

What are the basic structures of proteins?

A

✓ Amino acids

54
Q

20 types of Amino Acids

A

✓ 10 essential
✓ 10 non-essential

  • Essential AA - human body CANNOT produce ; nakukuha sa DIET like eggs etc.
  • Non-essential AA - human body CAN produce so it is not essential

*NE usually came from Essential w/c is thru diet so once na complete na yung E, automatic complete NE.

55
Q

Amino acids are made up of what chemical elements?

A 
CHON 
✓ Carbon
✓ Hydrogen
✓ Oxygen
✓ Nitrogen
56
Q

T or F

All RNA are from DNA

A

True

57
Q

What is the process of converting DNA to RNA?

A

✓ Transcription process

58
Q

What are the 2 nucleic bases?

A

✓ Purine

✓ Pyrimidine

59
Q

What are the purines and pyrimidines?

A

Pure As Gold
• Purines
√ Adenine
√ Guanine

• Pyrimidines
√ Cytosine
√ Thymine
√ Uracil

60
Q

Partnering….

A

✓ Adenine x Thymine (DNA)
✓ Adenine x Uracil (RNA)
✓ Cytosine x Guanine

  • Thymine is only present in DNA
  • Uracil is only present in RNA
  • ALL are present in RNA and DNA
61
Q

How do we get protein?

A

✓ If we eat burger, amino acid first then tsaka iconvert to protein

62
Q

What type of RNA is like a dating site?

A

✓ rRNA

  • Magtatagpo mRNA and tRNA inside rRNa then they will leave, leaving the amino acid inside. This process is called TRANSLATION process or PROTEIN synthesis
  • But the ENTIRE process is called GENE EXPRESSION
63
Q

Chains of amino acid?

A

✓ Proteins

64
Q

Another site of protein synthesis?

A

✓ RER bc of presence of ribosomes

65
Q

Without ribosomes giving it a smooth appearance

A

✓ SER (SLiDe)
• Steroid synthesis
• Lipogenesis
• Detoxification of diff substances

66
Q

What is the process wherein excess glucouse is converted to FATTY ACIDS (in LIVER) ?

A

✓ Lipogenesis

67
Q

What is the normal value for Fasting Blood Sugar (8 - 12 hrs)?

A

✓ 70-100 mg/dl
✓ 80-120 mg/dl
BE

• 60-90 mg/dl
•80-110 mg/dl
other books

68
Q

What is the condition wherein there is increase in blood sugar?

A

✓ Hyperglycemia

69
Q

What are the reactions in HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE?

A
  1. Increase cellular uptake of GLUCOSE
  2. Pancreas will release INSULIN (Beta cells) then insulin will stimulate the Insulin Sensitive Cells w/c are the
    ✓ Muscle cells
    ✓ Adipocytes
  3. Increase process of GLYCOGENESIS (formation of glycogen)
    During glycogenesis:
    ✓ Liver
    ✓ Skeletal muscle cells

Fats (NO LIMIT)

70
Q

What are the reaction in hypoglycemic state?

A
  1. Pancreas will release Glucagon (Alpha cells)
  2. Glycogenolysis
    • breakdown of glycogen ; so glycogen will be converted back to glucose
  3. Gluconeogenesis
    • formation of glucose from non-glucose related molecules like : ✓ amino acids ✓ lipids ; they will form glucose
71
Q

What are the insulin sensitive cells?

A

✓ Muscle cells

✓ Adipocytes

72
Q

What is the formation of glycogen?

A

✓ Glycogenesis

73
Q

What is glycogen?

A

✓ stored chains of glucose

74
Q

What organs are responsible for glycogenesis?

A

✓ Liver

✓ Skeletal muscle cells

75
Q

What is the breakdown of glycogen or glycogen converted back to glucose?

A

✓ Glycogenolysis

76
Q

What is the formation of glucose from non-glucose related molecules?

A

✓ Gluconeogenesis

77
Q

What is the most important food for brain?

A

✓ Glucose

78
Q

What is responsible “packaging” and modifying products by RER?

A

✓ Golgi Apparatus

79
Q

What is the package product if golgi?

A

✓ Lysosomes

80
Q

Lysosomes is responsible for?

A

✓ Apoptosis

• Lysosomes also secretes enzymes called LYSOZYMES

81
Q

3 types of enzymes

A

✓ Holo enzyme -active enzyme
✓ Apo enzyme -inactive enzyme
✓ Co-enzyme - like an activation of apo enzyme

82
Q

What is the active enzyme?

A

✓ Holo enzyme (Holo Whole ; Active)

83
Q

What is inactive enzyme?

A

✓ Apo enzyme (apo not yet active)

84
Q

What activates apo enzyme?

A

✓ Co-enzyme

Co-enzyome + Apo enzyme = Holo enzyme

85
Q

What is important in cell division or mitosis ; holds down the chromosomes

A

✓ Centrosomes

•contains pair of CENTRIOLES made of microtubules arrange in “CARTWHEEL pattern”

86
Q

Cellular accessories

A

✓ Microvilli
✓ Cilia
✓ Flagella

87
Q

What increases SURFACE AREA of a cell for ABSORPTION?

A

✓ Microvilli

88
Q

It has brush border appearance

A

✓ Microvilli
•Present in Stomach to 2/3 of Anus!

✓ Small Intestine (BE)

89
Q

What is the lining of stomach to 2/3 or anus?

A

✓ Simple Columnar Epithelium with Microvilli

90
Q

What is the lining of terminal 1/3 of anus?

A

✓ Stratified Squamous epitelium
• for PROTECTION
•diba basta kapag sa part ng body na may FRICTION like dermis, gingiva etc.

91
Q

Columnar Cuboidal Squamous

A
  • Columnar and Cuboidal since mataba usually ABSORPTION or SECRETING cells
  • Squamous for PROTECTION
92
Q

What is the lining of alveoli?

A

✓ Simple squamous epithelium

• manipis lang dapat lining para mabilis huminga

93
Q

Where does GAS exchange or EXTERNAL respiration happens?

A

✓ Alveoli

94
Q

It has “9+2 pattern” arrangement of microtubules

A

✓ Cilia

95
Q

What do you call the core of cilia?

A

✓ Axoneme

96
Q

Where is cilia usually seen?

A

✓ Respiratory epithelium

✓ Fallopian tube

97
Q

Cilia in Fallopian tube

A

✓ During OVULATION process, CILIA sweeps away egg cell

98
Q

What is the lining of respiratory epithelium?

A

✓ Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated with Goblet cells

99
Q

It secretes mucus in respiratory tract

A

✓ Goblet cells

100
Q

What helps in filtering the air that we inhale?

A

✓ MUCUS that is secreted by Goblet cells

101
Q

Function of cilia?

A

✓ Fallopian tube - sweeps egg cell during ovulation

✓ Respiratory - helps for EXPECTORATION of mucus

102
Q

We ingest around ____ of mucus per day

A

1.5 Liters

103
Q

It is resposible for MOTILITY of the cell?

A

✓ Flagella
• longer than cilia
• usually in single unit

104
Q

Flagella is common in?

A

✓ Sperm cell

✓ Bacteria

105
Q

What initiates flagellar activity and chemotaxis?

A

✓ Chemotactic agent

106
Q

Mitochondria of sperm is located in?

A

✓ Tail / Base of Head / Midpiece

107
Q

What is the movement of an organism from point A to point B?

A

✓ Chemotaxis

108
Q

Chemotactic agent

A
  • any form of molecules that initiates movement of organisms like BLOOD
  • Without chemotactic agent, bacteria w/ flagella won’t move
108
Q

Chemotactic agent

A
  • any form of molecules that initiates movement of organisms like BLOOD
  • Without chemotactic agent, bacteria w/ flagella won’t move
109
Q

Sperm can penetrate egg cell using?

A

✓ Acrosome

110
Q

Acrosome contains?

A

✓ Hyaluronidase

• dissolves and breakdown Hyaluronic Acid to enter the egg cell

111
Q

What is the universal glue of the body?

A

✓ Hyaluronic acid
• it attaches CONNECTIVE tissue together
•protection rin siya ng egg cell

112
Q

What is the longest phase of cellular division?

A

✓ Interphase

113
Q

Interphase

A

Interphase
1. G1 phase
•first gap phase ; cell grows and still fxns as usual

  1. S phase
    • “Synthesis phase” ; Chromosome duplication ; RNA synthesis
  2. G2 phase
    •Cells prepare for mitosis ; Organelles doubles in number
114
Q

What is the phase when the cells stop dividing, which is seen in CARDIAC cells and NEURONS?

A

✓ GO phase

115
Q

What cells can’t undergo cell division?

A

✓ Cardiac cells

✓ Neurons

116
Q

What is the major or main part of cellular division?

A

✓ MITOSIS (PMAT)
•division of SOMATIC cells
• results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

117
Q

MITOSIS (PMAT)

A
  1. Prophase
    •Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrates
    •Centrioles in centrosome replicates and move towards opposite poles
  2. Metaphase
    • Mitotic spindles from centrosomes attach to centromere
    • Chromosomes ALIGN at EQUATOR of the cell
  3. Anaphase
    • Chromosome SPLIT (become chromatids) going toward opposite poles
  4. Telophase
    • nuclear membrane reappears
    • Chromatid goes back to normal form, which is Chromatin
    • CLEAVAGE furrow forms
    • Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides to two
118
Q

PMAT is also know as?

A

✓ Karyokinesis

119
Q

Chromosomes ALIGN at EQUATOR of the cell

A

✓ Metaphase

120
Q

Chromosome SPLIT (become chromatids) going toward opposite poles

A

✓ Anaphase

121
Q

Cleavage furrow forms

A

✓ Telophase

122
Q

Division of SEX cells?

A

✓ Meiosis

123
Q

Division of SOMATIC cells?

A

✓ Mitosis

124
Q

What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis?

A

✓ Synapsis

• Homologous chromosomes
23 paternal
23 maternal

125
Q

What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis?

A

✓ Synapsis

• Homologous chromosomes
23 paternal
23 maternal

126
Q

What us the sharing of DNA of two homologous chromosomes or also known as the “Crossing - over” or “ Chiasmata formation” of chromosomes is called?

A

✓ Recombination process

• to shuffle the chromosomes to take UNIQUE chromosomes

127
Q

SYNAPSIS and RECOMBINATION PROCESS only happens at?

A

✓ MEIOSIS 1 PROPHASE 1

128
Q

Cytokinesis

A

• Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides into 2

✓ Cytokinesis 1
• forms 2 UNIQUE HAPLOID daughter cells for SPERM (23 Cr)
• forms 1 UNIQUE HAPLOID Secondary oocyte and 1 POLARY BODY for egg cell (23 Chr)

✓ Cytokinesis 2
• forms 4 UNIQUE HAPLOID “ “
• forms 1 UNIQUE HAPLOID oocyte and 3 POLAR BODIES for egg cell (23 Chr)

2021 (3 decks)

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