Cellular Anatomy Flashcards
Cell membrane is also known as?
✓ Plasma membrane or
✓ Cytoplasmic Membrane
Semi-permeable membrane that regulates passage of substances in and out of cell?
✓ Cell membrane or
✓ Plasma Membrane or
✓ Cytoplasmic Membrane
What is Osmosis?
✓ Movement of fluid across semi-permeable membrane from LOW osmotic pressure to HIGH osmotic pressure
• Cell membrane allows Osmosis
What is Phospholipid bilayer?
✓ Head - Hydrophilic
✓ Tail - Hydrophobic
*Una binabasa yung ULO
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE and CELL MEMBRANE are both PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Nucleus contains?
✓ DNA and RNA
Nucleus is covered by?
✓ Nuclear envelope
which is Phopholipid bilayer
Which is more porous?
a. Nuclear Envelope
b. Cell membrane
A. Nuclear envelope bc it contains NUCLEAR PORES which is the “passageway” for molecules
Beads on string appearance?
✓ chromaTIN
- DNA + Histones
- DNA is a double helical structure then naka-bind siya sa Histones kaya it looks like beads on string
What is the binding site for DNA?
✓ Histones
• It also guides coiling of DNA
Condensed chromatin during mitosis
✓ chromaTID
Chromatid is magkadikit na chromatin
2 sister chromatids attached together during mitosis by Centromere
✓ Chromosomes
Magkapatid na Chromatid
What attaches 2 sister chromatid during mitosis?
✓ Centromere
Humans have ___ Chromosomes?
✓ 23 pairs of Chromosomes
✓ 46 Chromosomes all in all
- 44 Autosomes - 22 pairs
- 2 Sex Chromosomes - 1 pair
Chromosomes that determine gender?
✓ Sex Chromosome
Chromosomes that does not determine gender?
✓ Autosomes
What is the normal chromosomal configuration?
✓ Male - 44XY
✓ Female - 44XX
What is the second “X” in an organism’s chromosomes?
✓ Barr bodies
• extra X
- Female - 44XX - Normal female has 1 BB
- Male - 44XY - Normal male (No BB)
What syndrome is associated with 44XXY?
✓ Klinefelter Syndrome
✓ 44XXY
• MALE but has female features
° 44 Autosomes
° 3 Sex Chromosomes
° 1 BB
° 47 Chromosomes
*Basta may Y, male!
What are the features of Klinefelter Syndrome?
✓ Micropenis (decrease in size)
✓ Gynecomastia (enlarged breast)
✓ TAURODONTISM or BULL’S TEETH
- enlarged pulp chamber and shortened roots
What syndrome is associated with 44XO?
✓ Turner’s Syndrome
✓ 44XO
• Female bc no Y
° 44 Autosomes
° 1 Sex Chromosomes
° No BB
° 45 Chromosomes
What syndrome is associated with 44XXX?
✓ Superwoman syndrome or Triiple X Syndrome
✓ 44 XXX
° 44 Autosomes
° 3 Sex Chromosomes
° 2 BB
° 47 Chromosomes
What disease is associated with Bull’s eye lesion?
✓ Erythema Multiforme
✓ Lyme Disease
*bull’s eye skin lesions
Erythema Multiforme
- can be caused by drug allergy ot insect bites
- TYPE I Hypersensitivity
• Subsequent stages: Second stage ( STEVEN JOHNSON SYNDROME) nabubulok
Tertiary stage (TOXIC EPIDERMA NECROLYSIS) TEN sobrang lala like snake
Lyme Disease is caused by what bacteria?
✓ Borelia Burgdorferi (Ticks)
What is the first true antibiotic?
✓ Penicillin
What is the most common allergenic drug?
✓ Penicillin
Who discovered Penicillin?
✓ Alexander Fleming
Where is the site of ribosomal synthesis?
✓ Nucleolus
•found inside nucleus
Programmed cell death
✓ Apoptosis
_______ initiated apoptosis
✓ Lysosomes
What are the types of nuclear changes during apoptosis?
✓ Karyolysis
✓ Pyknosis
✓ Karyorrhexis
Nucleus dissolution or Nuclear fading
✓ Karyolysis
Nucleus shrinks and chromatin condenses
✓ Pyknosis
• pykpykpyk lumiliit nagsshrink - condenses
Fragmentation of the nucleus and chromatin disintegrates
✓ Karyorrhexis
• X (samurai) hinati hati
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
✓ Mitochondria
•where ATP is produced during KREB CYCLE and ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Kreb’s cycle is also known as?
✓ Citric Acid Cycle
✓ Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
✓ Aerobic Respiration
What are the folds in mitochondria?
✓ Cristae
What are the 3 ways to produce ATP?
✓ Kreb’s cycle and Electron transport chain
• 36-38 ATP, CO2 and H2O
✓ Glycolysis
• 2 ATP ; 2 Pyruvate
✓ Creatine Phosphate
• 1 ATP ; 1 Creatinine
Where do Kreb’s cycle & ETC, Gylcolysis, and Creatine Phosphate happen?
✓ Kreb’s cycle and ETC @ MITOCHONDRIA
✓ BOTH Glycolysis and Creatine Phosphate @ CYTOPLASM
What is the end product of Kreb’s cycle and ETC?
✓ 36-38 ATP, CO2 and H20
What is the end product of Glycolysis?
✓ 2 ATP ; 2 Pyruvate
What is the end product of Creatine phosphate?
✓ 1 ATP ; 1 Creatinine
What is glycolysis?
✓ Breakdown of GLUCOSE which will generate 2 ATP and 2 PYRUVATE
What is Creatine Phosphate?
✓ “Direct Phosphorylation” which will generate 1 ATP and 1 CREATININE
What is the fuel or what are needed to make ATP thru Kreb’s cycle?
OPAF ✓ O2 ✓ Pyruvate ✓ Amino acid ✓ Fatty acid
What is the source of energy?
✓ ATP
Where is the site of protein synthesis?
✓ Ribosomes
• NOT membrane bound
• Composed of rRNA that are created in Nucleolus
What are the types of RNA?
✓ mRNA
✓ rRNA
✓ tRNA
rRNA
✓ Ribosomal RNA
• form Ribosomes
mRNA
✓ Messenger RNA
• carries GENETIC information of DNA
• end-product of TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to RNA)
tRNA
✓ Transfer RNA
• TRANSLATES mRNA to produce amino acid that forms protein
• TRANLATION PROCESS or PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Summarize types of RNA
- rRNA - ribosomes
- tRNA - amino acids - proTeins ; Translation process
- mRNA - if no modifications
What are the basic structures of proteins?
✓ Amino acids
20 types of Amino Acids
✓ 10 essential
✓ 10 non-essential
- Essential AA - human body CANNOT produce ; nakukuha sa DIET like eggs etc.
- Non-essential AA - human body CAN produce so it is not essential
*NE usually came from Essential w/c is thru diet so once na complete na yung E, automatic complete NE.
Amino acids are made up of what chemical elements?
CHON ✓ Carbon ✓ Hydrogen ✓ Oxygen ✓ Nitrogen
T or F
All RNA are from DNA
True
What is the process of converting DNA to RNA?
✓ Transcription process
What are the 2 nucleic bases?
✓ Purine
✓ Pyrimidine
What are the purines and pyrimidines?
Pure As Gold
• Purines
√ Adenine
√ Guanine
• Pyrimidines
√ Cytosine
√ Thymine
√ Uracil
Partnering….
✓ Adenine x Thymine (DNA)
✓ Adenine x Uracil (RNA)
✓ Cytosine x Guanine
- Thymine is only present in DNA
- Uracil is only present in RNA
- ALL are present in RNA and DNA
How do we get protein?
✓ If we eat burger, amino acid first then tsaka iconvert to protein
What type of RNA is like a dating site?
✓ rRNA
- Magtatagpo mRNA and tRNA inside rRNa then they will leave, leaving the amino acid inside. This process is called TRANSLATION process or PROTEIN synthesis
- But the ENTIRE process is called GENE EXPRESSION
Chains of amino acid?
✓ Proteins
Another site of protein synthesis?
✓ RER bc of presence of ribosomes
Without ribosomes giving it a smooth appearance
✓ SER (SLiDe)
• Steroid synthesis
• Lipogenesis
• Detoxification of diff substances
What is the process wherein excess glucouse is converted to FATTY ACIDS (in LIVER) ?
✓ Lipogenesis
What is the normal value for Fasting Blood Sugar (8 - 12 hrs)?
✓ 70-100 mg/dl
✓ 80-120 mg/dl
BE
• 60-90 mg/dl
•80-110 mg/dl
other books
What is the condition wherein there is increase in blood sugar?
✓ Hyperglycemia
What are the reactions in HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE?
- Increase cellular uptake of GLUCOSE
- Pancreas will release INSULIN (Beta cells) then insulin will stimulate the Insulin Sensitive Cells w/c are the
✓ Muscle cells
✓ Adipocytes - Increase process of GLYCOGENESIS (formation of glycogen)
During glycogenesis:
✓ Liver
✓ Skeletal muscle cells
Fats (NO LIMIT)
What are the reaction in hypoglycemic state?
- Pancreas will release Glucagon (Alpha cells)
- Glycogenolysis
• breakdown of glycogen ; so glycogen will be converted back to glucose - Gluconeogenesis
• formation of glucose from non-glucose related molecules like : ✓ amino acids ✓ lipids ; they will form glucose
What are the insulin sensitive cells?
✓ Muscle cells
✓ Adipocytes
What is the formation of glycogen?
✓ Glycogenesis
What is glycogen?
✓ stored chains of glucose
What organs are responsible for glycogenesis?
✓ Liver
✓ Skeletal muscle cells
What is the breakdown of glycogen or glycogen converted back to glucose?
✓ Glycogenolysis
What is the formation of glucose from non-glucose related molecules?
✓ Gluconeogenesis
What is the most important food for brain?
✓ Glucose
What is responsible “packaging” and modifying products by RER?
✓ Golgi Apparatus
What is the package product if golgi?
✓ Lysosomes
Lysosomes is responsible for?
✓ Apoptosis
• Lysosomes also secretes enzymes called LYSOZYMES
3 types of enzymes
✓ Holo enzyme -active enzyme
✓ Apo enzyme -inactive enzyme
✓ Co-enzyme - like an activation of apo enzyme
What is the active enzyme?
✓ Holo enzyme (Holo Whole ; Active)
What is inactive enzyme?
✓ Apo enzyme (apo not yet active)
What activates apo enzyme?
✓ Co-enzyme
Co-enzyome + Apo enzyme = Holo enzyme
What is important in cell division or mitosis ; holds down the chromosomes
✓ Centrosomes
•contains pair of CENTRIOLES made of microtubules arrange in “CARTWHEEL pattern”
Cellular accessories
✓ Microvilli
✓ Cilia
✓ Flagella
What increases SURFACE AREA of a cell for ABSORPTION?
✓ Microvilli
It has brush border appearance
✓ Microvilli
•Present in Stomach to 2/3 of Anus!
✓ Small Intestine (BE)
What is the lining of stomach to 2/3 or anus?
✓ Simple Columnar Epithelium with Microvilli
What is the lining of terminal 1/3 of anus?
✓ Stratified Squamous epitelium
• for PROTECTION
•diba basta kapag sa part ng body na may FRICTION like dermis, gingiva etc.
Columnar Cuboidal Squamous
- Columnar and Cuboidal since mataba usually ABSORPTION or SECRETING cells
- Squamous for PROTECTION
What is the lining of alveoli?
✓ Simple squamous epithelium
• manipis lang dapat lining para mabilis huminga
Where does GAS exchange or EXTERNAL respiration happens?
✓ Alveoli
It has “9+2 pattern” arrangement of microtubules
✓ Cilia
What do you call the core of cilia?
✓ Axoneme
Where is cilia usually seen?
✓ Respiratory epithelium
✓ Fallopian tube
Cilia in Fallopian tube
✓ During OVULATION process, CILIA sweeps away egg cell
What is the lining of respiratory epithelium?
✓ Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated with Goblet cells
It secretes mucus in respiratory tract
✓ Goblet cells
What helps in filtering the air that we inhale?
✓ MUCUS that is secreted by Goblet cells
Function of cilia?
✓ Fallopian tube - sweeps egg cell during ovulation
✓ Respiratory - helps for EXPECTORATION of mucus
We ingest around ____ of mucus per day
1.5 Liters
It is resposible for MOTILITY of the cell?
✓ Flagella
• longer than cilia
• usually in single unit
Flagella is common in?
✓ Sperm cell
✓ Bacteria
What initiates flagellar activity and chemotaxis?
✓ Chemotactic agent
Mitochondria of sperm is located in?
✓ Tail / Base of Head / Midpiece
What is the movement of an organism from point A to point B?
✓ Chemotaxis
Chemotactic agent
- any form of molecules that initiates movement of organisms like BLOOD
- Without chemotactic agent, bacteria w/ flagella won’t move
Chemotactic agent
- any form of molecules that initiates movement of organisms like BLOOD
- Without chemotactic agent, bacteria w/ flagella won’t move
Sperm can penetrate egg cell using?
✓ Acrosome
Acrosome contains?
✓ Hyaluronidase
• dissolves and breakdown Hyaluronic Acid to enter the egg cell
What is the universal glue of the body?
✓ Hyaluronic acid
• it attaches CONNECTIVE tissue together
•protection rin siya ng egg cell
What is the longest phase of cellular division?
✓ Interphase
Interphase
Interphase
1. G1 phase
•first gap phase ; cell grows and still fxns as usual
- S phase
• “Synthesis phase” ; Chromosome duplication ; RNA synthesis - G2 phase
•Cells prepare for mitosis ; Organelles doubles in number
What is the phase when the cells stop dividing, which is seen in CARDIAC cells and NEURONS?
✓ GO phase
What cells can’t undergo cell division?
✓ Cardiac cells
✓ Neurons
What is the major or main part of cellular division?
✓ MITOSIS (PMAT)
•division of SOMATIC cells
• results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells
MITOSIS (PMAT)
- Prophase
•Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrates
•Centrioles in centrosome replicates and move towards opposite poles - Metaphase
• Mitotic spindles from centrosomes attach to centromere
• Chromosomes ALIGN at EQUATOR of the cell - Anaphase
• Chromosome SPLIT (become chromatids) going toward opposite poles - Telophase
• nuclear membrane reappears
• Chromatid goes back to normal form, which is Chromatin
• CLEAVAGE furrow forms
• Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides to two
PMAT is also know as?
✓ Karyokinesis
Chromosomes ALIGN at EQUATOR of the cell
✓ Metaphase
Chromosome SPLIT (become chromatids) going toward opposite poles
✓ Anaphase
Cleavage furrow forms
✓ Telophase
Division of SEX cells?
✓ Meiosis
Division of SOMATIC cells?
✓ Mitosis
What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis?
✓ Synapsis
• Homologous chromosomes
23 paternal
23 maternal
What is the phenomenon wherein homologous chromosomes pair during meiosis?
✓ Synapsis
• Homologous chromosomes
23 paternal
23 maternal
What us the sharing of DNA of two homologous chromosomes or also known as the “Crossing - over” or “ Chiasmata formation” of chromosomes is called?
✓ Recombination process
• to shuffle the chromosomes to take UNIQUE chromosomes
SYNAPSIS and RECOMBINATION PROCESS only happens at?
✓ MEIOSIS 1 PROPHASE 1
Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides into 2
✓ Cytokinesis 1
• forms 2 UNIQUE HAPLOID daughter cells for SPERM (23 Cr)
• forms 1 UNIQUE HAPLOID Secondary oocyte and 1 POLARY BODY for egg cell (23 Chr)
✓ Cytokinesis 2
• forms 4 UNIQUE HAPLOID “ “
• forms 1 UNIQUE HAPLOID oocyte and 3 POLAR BODIES for egg cell (23 Chr)
