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South College Human Anatomy 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the skeletal system

A
  • Axial skeleton

- Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Bones of:

  • Head (cranium/skull)
  • Neck (cervical vertebrae)
  • Trunk
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3
Q

What does the trunk consist of?

A
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Vertebrae
  • Sacrum
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4
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Bones of the limbs

- Includes pectoral and pelvic girdles

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5
Q

Components of the skeletal system

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Joints
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6
Q

Cartilage

A

Resilient, semirigid, avascular connective tissue

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7
Q

Where in the skeletal system can cartilage be found?

A
  • Where more flexibility is necessary

- Costal cartilages

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8
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Covers articulating surfaces of bones in a synovial joint

- Hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

Provides smooth, low-friction gliding surface for free movement

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10
Q

Ratio of cartilage:bone as you age

A
  • Young: cartilage > bone

- Older bone > cartilage

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11
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Salt storage (Ca++)
  • Blood cell formation
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12
Q

Composition of bone

A

Collagen fibers in a mineralized extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Characteristics from bone composition

A
  • Provides hardness

- Enhances rigidity

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14
Q

Principle bone cell types

A
  • Osteocytes (nutrition and metabolic exchange)
  • Osteoblasts (bone deposition)
  • Osteoclasts (bone resorption)
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15
Q

Types of bone

A
  • Woven (newly calcified, growing and healing)

- Lamellar (Compact & Spongy)

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16
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Only place where there’s only compact bone

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17
Q

What happens in the medullary cavity?

A

Blood cells and platelets are formed

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue that covers bone

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19
Q

Perichondrium

A

The tissue that surrounds cartilage, except articular cartilage

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20
Q

Bone Classifications

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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21
Q

Long Bone

A

Tubular structures

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22
Q

Short Bone

A
  • Cuboidal

- Found only in ankle and wrist

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23
Q

Flat Bone

A

Usually protective (cranium)

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24
Q

Irregular Bone

A
  • Like those in the face

- Various shapes besides short, long, or flat

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25
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A
  • Develops in certain tendons
  • Protects tendons from excessive wear
  • Changes the angle of the tendons
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26
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular area

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27
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of bone

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28
Q

Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior to a condyle

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29
Q

Facet

A
  • Smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage

- Where 2 bones articulate

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30
Q

Forament

A

Passage through a bone

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31
Q

Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area

32
Q

Line (linea)

A

Linear elevation

33
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded prominence

34
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a bone

35
Q

Process

A

Projecting spine-like part

36
Q

Protuberance

A

Projection of bone

37
Q

Spine

A

Thorn-like process

38
Q

Trochanter

A

Large, blunt elecation

39
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, raised eminence

40
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded elevation

41
Q

What does all bone originate from?

A

Mesenchyme

42
Q

Processes for making bone

A
  • Intramembranous ossification

- Endochondral ossification

43
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Comes directly from mesenchyme

44
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Comes from cartilage derived from mesenchyme

45
Q

How do long bones grow?

A

1) Mesenchymal cells –> chondroblasts
2) Chondroblasts form a cartilaginous bone model
3) Cartilage calcifies in the middle
4) Periosteal capillaries grow and form the periosteal bud
5) Capillaries initiate the primary ossification center
6) Diaphysis grows from the primary ossification center

46
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

Epiphyses

47
Q

Epiphyseal arteries

A

Grow into the developing cavities with associated osteogenic cells

48
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared part of the diaphysis nearest to the epiphysis

49
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Cartilaginous section between the diaphysis and epiphysis

50
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Seam formed from the fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis

51
Q

Arterial supply of bone

A
  • Nutrient arteries
  • Periosteal arteries
  • Metaphysial arteries
  • Epiphysial arteries
52
Q

Nutrient arteries

A
  • Pass through the bone via nutrient foramina

- Splits in the medullary cavity into longitudinal branches

53
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

Supplies most of the compact bone

54
Q

Metaphysial/Epiphysial arteries

A

Supplies the ends of bone

55
Q

Veins in the bone

A

Accompany arteries through nutrient foramina

56
Q

Periosteal nerves

A
  • Carries pain fibers

- Especially sensitive to tearing or tension

57
Q

Vasomotor nerves in bones

A

Cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels

58
Q

Joint

A

An articulation between 2+ rigid components

59
Q

Types of joints

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
60
Q

Fibrous joints

A

United by fibrous tissue

61
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  • Suture

- Syndesmosis

62
Q

Suture Joints

A

Sutures in the cranium

63
Q

Syndesmosis joints

A

Bones joined by an interosseous ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue

64
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

65
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A
  • Synchondrosis

- Symphysis

66
Q

Synchondrosis joints

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joints
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Allow growth of bone and allow slight bending during early life
67
Q

Symphysis joints

A
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Strong, slightly mobile
  • B/t vertebrae
68
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Nourish the articular cartilage

- Lubricates articular surfaces

69
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  • Plane/Gliding
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Condyloid
  • Ball and socket
  • Pivot
70
Q

Types of connective tissue included in the skeletal system

A
  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Adipose
71
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue proper

A
  • More fibers (type I collagen) than cells (fibroblasts)

- Binds cells and tissues into organs and organ systems

72
Q

Types of ligaments

A
  • Intrinsic, internal
  • Intrinsic, external
  • Extrinsic, internal
  • Extrinsic, external
73
Q

Intrinsic, internal ligaments

A

Thickenings of the joint capsule occurring internal to the capsule

74
Q

Intrinsic, external ligaments

A

Sheets of connective tissue external to the capsule

75
Q

Extrinsic, internal ligaments

A

Cordlike, separated from the capsule, inside the capsule

76
Q

Extrinsic, external ligaments

A

Cordlike, separated from the capsule outside the capsule

77
Q

Osteons

A

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South College Human Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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