Anatomy and Anatomicomedical Terminology Flashcards
Approaches to studying anatomy
- Regional
- Systemic
- Clinical/Applied
Regional Anatomy
- Divides the body into parts
- Emphasis on the relationship between structures within the region
Systemic Anatomy
Organizes the body based on the organ systems within the body
Clinical/Applied Anatomy
Emphasizes the importance of anatomy in a clinical (i.e. medicine, dentistry, etc)
Major parts of the body
- Head
- Neck
- Thorax
- Back
- Abdomen
- Pelvis/Perineum
- Lower Limb
- Upper Limb
Systems involved in systemic anatomy
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Articular
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Circulatory
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
- Endocrine
Integumentary System
- AKA dermatology
- Skin and its appendages (hair and nails)
- Sensory organ, also forms a protective covering for the body
Skeletal System
- AKA osteology or orthopedics
- Bones and cartilage
- Supports and protects the body
Articular System
- AKA arthrology
- Joints and associated ligaments
- Connects the bones and provides the sites for muscle attachments
Muscular System
- AKA myology
- Muscles contract to cause movement
Nervous System
- AKA neurology
- Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
- Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, motor and sensory)
- Controls and coordinates the functions of the other organ systems
Circulatory System
- AKA angiology
- Distributes fluids throughout the body
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphoid system
Cardiovascular System
- AKA cardiology
- Heart and blood vessels
Lymphoid System
- Network of lymphatic vessels
- Withdraws excess tissue fluid, filters through lymph nodes and returns to bloodstream
Digestive System
- AKA alimentary system
- AKA Gastroenterology
- Organs and glands associated with ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion and absorption of food, and waste elimination
Respiratory System
- AKA pulmonology
- Air passages and lungs for gas exchange
Urinary System
- AKA urology
- Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- Blood filtration, and urine excretion
Reproductive System
- AKA obstetrics and gynecology (female)
- AKA andrology (males)
- Consists of gonads (ovaries and testes)
- Produce oocytes (eggs) and sperm
- Other genital organs associated with reproduction
Endocrine System
- AKA endocrinology
- Glands and cells which secrete hormones
Anatomical position
- Head, gaze, and toes directed forward
- Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anterior
- Lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes pointing anterior
Median Sagittal Plane
Divides the body evenly in half
Sagittal Plane
Planes that run parallel to the median sagittal plane
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse planes
Divides the body into inferior and superior portions
Oblique planes
Planes which do not align with sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes
Dorsum
Refers to the superior or dorsal surface of any body segment which protrudes anterior to the body
Plantar surface
Inferior aspect/bottom of foot
Palmar surface
Flat anterior aspect of hand
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
Intermediate
Between a superficial and deep structure
Deep
Farther from the surface
Medial
Nearer to median (sagittal) plane
Lateral
Farther from median (sagittal) plane
Posterior/Dorsal
Nearer to back
Anterior/Ventral
Nearer to front
Superior/Cranial
Nearer to head
Inferior/Caudal
Nearer to feet
Proximal
Nearer to trunk or point of origin
Distal
Farther from trunk or point of origin
Flexion
- Sagittal plane
- Decreases the angle between two body parts
Extension
- Sagital plane
- Increases the angle between two body parts
Eversion
Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
Inversion
Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane
Pronation
When the palm or forearm faces down/posterior
Supination
When the palm or forearm faces up/anterior
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
Adduction
Movement toward the midline
Lateral Flexion
Movement of the trunk away from the midline
Circumduction
Movement of a body region in a circular manner
Scapular elevation
Superior movement of the scapula
Scapular depression
Inferior movement of the scapula
Scapular protraction
The scapula moves laterally and anteriorly along the chest wall
Scapular retraction
The scapula moves medially and posteriorly along the chest wall
Retrusion
Backward displacement
Protrusion
Forward displacement
Opposition of thumb
Movement of the thumb to the fingers
Reposition of thumb
Movement of the thumb away from the fingers
Medial rotation
Rotational movement towards the midline
Lateral rotation
Rotational movement away from the midline
Unilateral
Occurs on one side only
Bilateral
Occurs on both sides
Ipsilateral
Occurring on the same side of the body
Contralateral
Occurring on the opposite side of the body
Conventional radiography (X-ray)
X-rays differentiate tissues of varying density
Computerized tomography (CT)
X-ray beams pass through the body, and a computer compiles the data to recreate 2D and 3D images
Ultrasonography (US)
Ultrasonic waves are used to make an image (think echolocation or sonar)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Better than CT scan for tissue differentiation
- Strong magnetic field is used while person is pulsed with radio waves
- Can create 2D or 3D images
- Image may be in ANY plane
Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Radioactive isotopes with short half-life are put in a body
- Positrons being emitted create image
Human Movement System
- Combination of anatomic structures and physiologic functions
- Interact to move the body
Effector Systems
- Produce movement
- Muscular
- Skeletal
- Nervous
Support Systems
- Do not directly produce, but enable movement
- Cardiovascular
- Pulmonary
- Endocrine
- Integumentary
- Lymphatic
- Digestive
Surface anatomy
- Focuses on what can be touched on a living person
- Essential to regional and clinical anatomy
Diagnosis
Systematic process to classify an individual into a category that guides intervention
Differential Diagnosis
The process of differentiating between 2+ conditions that share similar signs and symptoms
Clinical reasoning
Steps up to and including establishing diagnosis and treatment
Clinical Reasoning Process
Clinical data –> Examination –> Evaluation –> Diagnosis –> Intervention –> Patient response –> Clinical data
Coronal Axis
- X-axis
- Side to side
Vertical Axis
- Y-axis
- Up and down
Anteroposterior axis
- Z-axis
- Front to back
List structures seen in x-rays most to least radiodense
- Compact bone
- Spongy bone
- Water/most tissues
- Fat
- Air
List structures seen in x-rays most to least radiolucent
- Air
- Fat
- Water/most tissues
- Spongy bone
- Compact bone
