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South College Human Anatomy 1 > Anatomy and Anatomicomedical Terminology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Anatomicomedical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Approaches to studying anatomy

A
  • Regional
  • Systemic
  • Clinical/Applied
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2
Q

Regional Anatomy

A
  • Divides the body into parts

- Emphasis on the relationship between structures within the region

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3
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Organizes the body based on the organ systems within the body

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4
Q

Clinical/Applied Anatomy

A

Emphasizes the importance of anatomy in a clinical (i.e. medicine, dentistry, etc)

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5
Q

Major parts of the body

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Thorax
  • Back
  • Abdomen
  • Pelvis/Perineum
  • Lower Limb
  • Upper Limb
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6
Q

Systems involved in systemic anatomy

A
  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Articular
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Circulatory
  • Digestive
  • Respiratory
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Endocrine
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7
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • AKA dermatology
  • Skin and its appendages (hair and nails)
  • Sensory organ, also forms a protective covering for the body
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8
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • AKA osteology or orthopedics
  • Bones and cartilage
  • Supports and protects the body
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9
Q

Articular System

A
  • AKA arthrology
  • Joints and associated ligaments
  • Connects the bones and provides the sites for muscle attachments
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10
Q

Muscular System

A
  • AKA myology

- Muscles contract to cause movement

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11
Q

Nervous System

A
  • AKA neurology
  • Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, motor and sensory)
  • Controls and coordinates the functions of the other organ systems
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12
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • AKA angiology
  • Distributes fluids throughout the body
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphoid system
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13
Q

Cardiovascular System

A
  • AKA cardiology

- Heart and blood vessels

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14
Q

Lymphoid System

A
  • Network of lymphatic vessels

- Withdraws excess tissue fluid, filters through lymph nodes and returns to bloodstream

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15
Q

Digestive System

A
  • AKA alimentary system
  • AKA Gastroenterology
  • Organs and glands associated with ingestion, mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), digestion and absorption of food, and waste elimination
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16
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • AKA pulmonology

- Air passages and lungs for gas exchange

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17
Q

Urinary System

A
  • AKA urology
  • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
  • Blood filtration, and urine excretion
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18
Q

Reproductive System

A
  • AKA obstetrics and gynecology (female)
  • AKA andrology (males)
  • Consists of gonads (ovaries and testes)
  • Produce oocytes (eggs) and sperm
  • Other genital organs associated with reproduction
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19
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • AKA endocrinology

- Glands and cells which secrete hormones

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20
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • Head, gaze, and toes directed forward
  • Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anterior
  • Lower limbs close together with feet parallel and toes pointing anterior
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21
Q

Median Sagittal Plane

A

Divides the body evenly in half

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22
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Planes that run parallel to the median sagittal plane

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23
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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24
Q

Transverse planes

A

Divides the body into inferior and superior portions

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25
Q

Oblique planes

A

Planes which do not align with sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes

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26
Q

Dorsum

A

Refers to the superior or dorsal surface of any body segment which protrudes anterior to the body

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27
Q

Plantar surface

A

Inferior aspect/bottom of foot

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28
Q

Palmar surface

A

Flat anterior aspect of hand

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29
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to the surface

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30
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a superficial and deep structure

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31
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the surface

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32
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to median (sagittal) plane

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33
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from median (sagittal) plane

34
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Nearer to back

35
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Nearer to front

36
Q

Superior/Cranial

A

Nearer to head

37
Q

Inferior/Caudal

A

Nearer to feet

38
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to trunk or point of origin

39
Q

Distal

A

Farther from trunk or point of origin

40
Q

Flexion

A
  • Sagittal plane

- Decreases the angle between two body parts

41
Q

Extension

A
  • Sagital plane

- Increases the angle between two body parts

42
Q

Eversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane

43
Q

Inversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane

44
Q

Pronation

A

When the palm or forearm faces down/posterior

45
Q

Supination

A

When the palm or forearm faces up/anterior

46
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

47
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline

48
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Movement of the trunk away from the midline

49
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of a body region in a circular manner

50
Q

Scapular elevation

A

Superior movement of the scapula

51
Q

Scapular depression

A

Inferior movement of the scapula

52
Q

Scapular protraction

A

The scapula moves laterally and anteriorly along the chest wall

53
Q

Scapular retraction

A

The scapula moves medially and posteriorly along the chest wall

54
Q

Retrusion

A

Backward displacement

55
Q

Protrusion

A

Forward displacement

56
Q

Opposition of thumb

A

Movement of the thumb to the fingers

57
Q

Reposition of thumb

A

Movement of the thumb away from the fingers

58
Q

Medial rotation

A

Rotational movement towards the midline

59
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Rotational movement away from the midline

60
Q

Unilateral

A

Occurs on one side only

61
Q

Bilateral

A

Occurs on both sides

62
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Occurring on the same side of the body

63
Q

Contralateral

A

Occurring on the opposite side of the body

64
Q

Conventional radiography (X-ray)

A

X-rays differentiate tissues of varying density

65
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

X-ray beams pass through the body, and a computer compiles the data to recreate 2D and 3D images

66
Q

Ultrasonography (US)

A

Ultrasonic waves are used to make an image (think echolocation or sonar)

67
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • Better than CT scan for tissue differentiation
  • Strong magnetic field is used while person is pulsed with radio waves
  • Can create 2D or 3D images
  • Image may be in ANY plane
68
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • Radioactive isotopes with short half-life are put in a body
  • Positrons being emitted create image
69
Q

Human Movement System

A
  • Combination of anatomic structures and physiologic functions
  • Interact to move the body
70
Q

Effector Systems

A
  • Produce movement
  • Muscular
  • Skeletal
  • Nervous
71
Q

Support Systems

A
  • Do not directly produce, but enable movement
  • Cardiovascular
  • Pulmonary
  • Endocrine
  • Integumentary
  • Lymphatic
  • Digestive
72
Q

Surface anatomy

A
  • Focuses on what can be touched on a living person

- Essential to regional and clinical anatomy

73
Q

Diagnosis

A

Systematic process to classify an individual into a category that guides intervention

74
Q

Differential Diagnosis

A

The process of differentiating between 2+ conditions that share similar signs and symptoms

75
Q

Clinical reasoning

A

Steps up to and including establishing diagnosis and treatment

76
Q

Clinical Reasoning Process

A

Clinical data –> Examination –> Evaluation –> Diagnosis –> Intervention –> Patient response –> Clinical data

77
Q

Coronal Axis

A
  • X-axis

- Side to side

78
Q

Vertical Axis

A
  • Y-axis

- Up and down

79
Q

Anteroposterior axis

A
  • Z-axis

- Front to back

80
Q

List structures seen in x-rays most to least radiodense

A
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
  • Water/most tissues
  • Fat
  • Air
81
Q

List structures seen in x-rays most to least radiolucent

A
  • Air
  • Fat
  • Water/most tissues
  • Spongy bone
  • Compact bone

South College Human Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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