Skeletal System Flashcards
Axial Anatomy
cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Appendicular Anatomy
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges of hand, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, bones of foot, THINK EXTREMETIES
Function of Bone
Structure, Protection, Movement (attachment point), formation of blood cells, storage of sats
Woven bone
immature bone (either in development or in fracture healing)
Lamellar bone
- mature, includes compact and spongy
- bone is well innervated and vascular due to arteries and nerves that pass by
Compact (cortical) bone
osteon: concentric layers of bone around a central Haversion canal
Spongy bone
- aka trabecular, cancellous
- less dense than cortical
- lattice of bone material
Long Bone
humerus and femur
Short Bone
carpals and tarsals
Flat bone
- made of plates of compact bone with cancellous bone in the middle
- ex: pelvis, ribs, skull, sternum
- these bones are for protection
Accessory Bones
- not normally found but can be variant (os peroneum)
- can be due to failure of fusion (os trigonum)
Sesamoid Bones
- improve leverage of muscle
- ex: patella, foot, hand
Pneumatic Bones
- bones filled w/ air
- makes bone lighter in weight
- ex: mastoid process
Heterotopic Bones
- presence of bone in muscle
- common with spinal cord injury
- can be irritant
Periosteum
surrounding bones, thin layer of connective tissue
Perichondrium
surrounding cartilage, developing bone
Blood supply of Bone
- nutrient arteries: bone marrow, spongy bone, deep compact bone
- periosteal arteries: most of compact bone
- metaphyseal/ epiphyseal arteries: supply ends of bones
- Haversian system: supply osteons
Intramembranous ossification
- bone forms directly from mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
- ossification starts in center of bone shaft
Endochondral ossification
- Derived from cartilage that develops mesenchyme
- happens in long bones, calcaneous is exception
- primary ossification center
- secondary ossification center- epiphyseal plate
- epiphyseal plate and line- line happens when growing stops (metaphysis)
Avascular Necrosis
- loss of arterial blood supply to epiphysis or other parts of bone that results in death of bone tissue
- examples: scaphoid, femur
- Treatment (Tx): diagnosed with x-ray
Bone Fracture Healing Process
- reduce and stabilize the fracture for greater ease of healing
- bone callus formation via fibroblasts ( form bone callus from collagen)
- remodeling (calcification)
- normal turn over of cells over time minimizing evidence of previous fracture
Osteon
- Note landmarks
- Osteons can orient themselves in variety of patterns as one group is turning over and another formed, can dictate lines of force susceptible to fracture
