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Chapter 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

where do skeletal muscles orginate and insert onto?

A

bones as their tendons blend into the periosteal layer of the bone tissue

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2
Q

what doe the skeletal system consist of?

A
  • bones
  • cartilage
  • ligaments
  • associated tissues that stabilize or connect to bones
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3
Q

what does the thoracic cage protect?

A
  • heart

- lungs

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4
Q

hemopoiesis

A

-process of blood cell production
-takes place in the red bone marrow
(red bone marrow contains hemopoietic stem cells that produce all types o blood cells)

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5
Q

Red bone marrow

A
  • prevalent in children but replaced by yellow (fatty) bone marrow in most bones of the adult
  • in adults, red bone marrow persist in the hip bones, humerus and femur as well as in axial skeletons (skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum)
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6
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • structural support
  • attachment of muscles (origin,insertion)
  • protection of certain vital organs (heart,lungs)
  • manufactures certain blood cells
  • storage of certain chemical substances (calcium, phosphate)
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7
Q

Calcium

A

important in maintaining, essential mineral

  • bone strength
  • muscle contraction
  • blood clotting
  • nerve signaling
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8
Q

Phosphate

A

important for the utilization of ATP

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9
Q

Calcium and Phosphate in skeletal system

A

more than 90% if bodies calcium and phosphate are stored in the skeleton. these reserves can be liberated by breaking down bone and releasing it into the bloodstream

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10
Q

inaddequate amounts of vitamin D can lead to low calcium and phosphate levels because

A

you need vitamin D for the calcium and phosphate to function the in the body

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11
Q

what usually develops in children and exhibits overly flexible bones due to poor calcification

A

rickets

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12
Q

long bones

A 
-length exceeds the width
0having a meduallry (marrow) cancal
Ecamples:
1. humerus
2. radius
3. ulna
4. femur
5. tibia
6. fibula
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13
Q

short bones

A

-bones in which length=width
examples:
1. carpal bones (wrist)
2. tarsal bones (ankle)

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14
Q

Flat bones

A 
-bones that are expanded into 1 plane
examples:
1. scapula
2. ileum of hip bone
3. frontal bone
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15
Q

irregular bones

A
  • bones that do not fit into any of the other 3 categories
    examples:
    1. vertebrae (which exhibit oddly shaped processes & projections)
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16
Q

what are the divisions of the skeleton?

A
  • axial skeleton

- appendicular skeleton

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17
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • part of the skeleton that occupies the central axi of the body
  • axial means “to pivit”
18
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • Skull and Hyoid
  • Vertebral Column
    1. 7 vertical verteebrae
    2. 12 thoracic vertebrae
    3. 5 lumbar vertebrae
    4. 1 sacrum
    5. 1 coccyx
  • Ribs and sternum
  • Bones of the middle ear
    1. Malleus
    2. Incus
    3. Stapes
19
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • comprises the appendages
  • Upper limbs 2 w/ shoulder bones
  • Lower limbs 2 w/ hip bones
20
Q

What bones does the upper limb include?

A
  • 2 clavicles (collar bone)
  • 2 scapulae ( shoulder blade)
  • 2 humerus bones (arm)
  • 2 ulna bones (forearm)
  • 2 radius (forearm)
  • 8 carpal bones (16 total)
  • 5 metacarpal bones (10 total)
  • 14 phalanges (28 total)
21
Q

what bones does the lower limb include?

A
  • 2 hip bones
  • 2 femur bone (thigh)
  • 2 patella bones
  • 2 tibia bones (leg)
  • 2 fibula bones (leg)
  • 7 tarsal bones (ankle)
  • 5 metatarsal bones (10 total)
  • 14 phalanges (28 total)
22
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Bones located within tendons
example:
1. patella

23
Q

Ectopic Bones

A

pathological bone formations that occur within tissues

24
Q

what makes up a long bone?

A 
A. epiphysis
B. diaphysis
C. compact bone
D. spongy bone
E. Periosteum
F. Endosteum
G. Medullary Cavity
H. Articular Cartilage
I. Articular capsule
J. Epiphyseal Disc
K. Metaphysis
25
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

26
Q

Compact bone

A

bone laid down in concentric layers making it appear solid

  1. forms outer surface of all bones
  2. thicker in the diaphysis and thinner in the epiphysis

** outer layer of bone

27
Q

spongy bone

A

composed of very thin planes of bone that meet other bones at various angles, leaving spae between them
1. spongy bone is found in the epiphysis

28
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue composed of two layers

  1. outer layers: tough fiborous layer serves as a place of insertion for muscle tendons
  2. inner layers: delicate cellular layer responsible for producing growth in the diameter of the bone

***mitosis occuring

29
Q

endosteum

A

thin cellular layer found lining the medullary cavity and the cavities of the spongy bone

  • primary function is to destroy bone allowing for growth in the diameter of marrow bone
  • prevents bone from becoming too solid and heavy as it increases in size
30
Q

medullary (marrow) cavity

A

cavity running the length of the diaphysis that contains either reed marrow (which actively forms blood cells) yellow marrow (where flat cells are stored) or a combination of both

31
Q

epiphysis

A

the two ends of a long bone which are wider than the shaft and take part in the formation of a joint

32
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface of each epiphysis
  • resiliency of this material cushions the joint during movement
  • bones come together here
33
Q

articular capsule

A
  • connects together two bones and completely encircles the joint, enclosing a cavity called joint or synovial cavity
  • 2 layers
    1. outer fiborous: continuous with the periosteum of bone
    2. Inner layer or synovial membrane: quite vascular & produces synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity, lubricates the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage
34
Q

epiphyseal disc

A
  • present through puberty
  • located at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis that allows for growth in the length of the bone
  • not present when growth is complete
  • ** present @ embryo of child
35
Q

metaphysis

A
  • spongy bone tissue located at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphyseal disc
  • in adult bone, the bone tissue of the metaphysis is continuous with the epiphysis
36
Q

cartilage

A

-tough connective tissue which is composed of cells embedded in a firm, gel-like intercellular substance

37
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A
  1. not as hard as a bone, exhibits some degree of flexibility
  2. cartilage referred to as gristle by the laymen
  3. lacks nerves
  4. lacks blood vessels (avascular) & nutrients diffuse through the intercellular subdstance
  5. embryo initially cartilage but replaced by bone during growth (ossification)
  6. classification is via histologic appearance of intercellular matrix
38
Q

types of cartilages

A
  • hyaline
  • fibro
  • elastic
39
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • glass-lass translucent appearance
  • being homogeneous, glassy & pink
  • found within embro

examples

  1. embryo skeleton
  2. epiphyseal discs
  3. articular cartilages
  4. costal cartilages (between ribs and sternum)
  5. larynx, trachea and bonchi
  6. nasal cartilages
40
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • interpublic disc (sympysis pubis)

- intervertebral discs (located between adjacent vertebrae)

41
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • auricle (part of the enternal ear - pinna)
  • auditory tube (connects the inner ear and pharynx)
  • epigolttis (cartilaginous flap that keep food from entering the lungs) lies over the larynx

Chapter 1 (5 decks)

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