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Chapter 1 > Articular System > Flashcards

Articular System Flashcards

1
Q

articular system

A
  • originating from latin word “articulus”
  • refers to the connections between components of the skeletal system
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2
Q

arthrology

A
  • greek word “arthron” = joint
  • the study of joints
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3
Q

arthritis

A
  • defined as the inflammation of joints
  • common forms
    1. Gouty arthritis
    2. Osteoarthritis
    3. Rhematoid arthirtis
  • symptoms of pain, swelling of the joint and joint stiffness
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4
Q
  • gouty arthritis
  • osteoarthritis
A
  1. gouty arthritis: (gout) caused by the excess buildup of uric acid crystals in synovial fluid and in synovial membrane
  2. osteoarthritis: chronic degerative condition which is more prevalent in weight bearing joints. Begins with wearing away of articular cartilage which causes bone on bone contact resulting in abrasions on the bones surface
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5
Q

rheumatid arthritis (RA)

A
  • autoimmune disorder that usually affects younger to middle aged individuals.
  • prevalent in women
  • pathogenesis of RA is unknown but disease involves elements of the bodys immune system being directeed against synovial tissues of the joint
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6
Q

fibrocartilaginous joints

A
  • cartilaginous joint
  • intervening tissue is farbrocartilage
  • slightly moveable
  • located between adjacent vertebral bodies: intervetebral discs
  • located between right and left pubic bones: interpubic discs
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7
Q

hyaline cartilage joints

A
  • cartilaginous joints
  • intervening tissue is made of hyaline cartilage
  • immoveable
  • located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone (temporary until ossification)
    example: epiphyseal disc
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8
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

-united by cartilage

A. Hyaline Cartilage Joint

B. Fibrocartilaginous Joint

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9
Q

syndesmoses joints

A
  • fibrous joints
  • intervening connective tissue is a greater amount than that found in a suture joint
  • slightly moveable
  • located between 2 bones of the forearm (radius and ulna)
  • 2 bones of the leg (tibia and fibula)
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10
Q

suture joints

A
  • fibrous joints
  • formed by 2 bones whose articulating surfaces are serrated
    example: form of interdigitations
  • interdigitating borders are held together by fibrous connective tissue
  • immoveable
  • located only on the skull
    example: sagittal suture
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11
Q

fibrous joint

A

-united by fibrous connective tissue

A. Suture

B. Syndesmoses

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12
Q

Synovial Joint

A
  • characterized by the possesion of a cavity and specialzed to permit free movement
  • joint in which the intervening tissue is synovial fluid

A. Articular Cartilage

B. Articular Capsule

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13
Q

what are the ends of articulating bones are covered by?

A
  • articular Caratilage
  • layer of hyaline carilage
  • avascular
  • lacks nerves
  • it is radiolucent (cannot be seen on a radiograph)
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14
Q

articular capsule

A
  • encapsulates the joint
  • connect together the 2 bones and completely encirecles the joint enclosing the synovial cavity
  • composed of 2 layers
    1. outer fibrous layer that is continuous with the periosteum of bone
    2. inner layer called synovial membrane that lines the inside of fibrous layer

*quite vascular and produces synovial fluid that fills the synovial cavity

*lubricates the joint and nourishes the articular cartillage

-synovial fluid is derived from blood

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15
Q

what are the types of movements at synovial joints?

A
  1. gliding movements
  2. angular movementss
  3. rotation movements
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16
Q

gliding movements

A
  • involve a slight slipping of 1 bone over another, usually flat surfaces
  • articulations between the superior and inferior articular faets of vertebrae provide prime examples of gliding movements where little movement occurs at the individual joint
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17
Q

angular movements

A
  1. extension
  2. flexion
  3. adduction
  4. abduction
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18
Q
  • flexion
  • extension
A
  1. Flexion: bending of a joint so that the angle becomes more acute
  2. Extension: straightening of a flexed joint so that the angle becomes more obtuse
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19
Q

adduction

A

Adduction: movement in frontal plane toward the median plane

20
Q

abduction

A

Abduction: movement in frontal plane away from the median plane

21
Q

circumduction

A

Combination of

  1. flexion
  2. extension
  3. adduction
  4. abduction
22
Q

What are angular movements of the foot at the ankle joint?

A
  1. Dorsiflexion
  2. Plantar Flexion
  3. Eversion
  4. Inversion
23
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Dorsiflexion: moving the dorsum (top of foot) toward the anterior leg (picking the foot up)

24
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Plantar Flexion: moving the dorsum of the doot away from the anterior leg (putting the foot down)

25
Q

Eversion

A

Eversion: moving the lateral surface of the foot superiorly (placing the sole of the foot laterally)

26
Q

Inversion

A

Inversion: moving the medial surface of the foot superiorly (placing the sole of the foot medially)

27
Q

Rotation Movements

A
  1. medial rotation
  2. lateral rotation
  3. Pronation
  4. Supination
28
Q

Medial Rotation

A

Medial Rotation: anterior aspect of the limb rotates medially

29
Q

lateral rotation

A

lateral rotation: anterior aspect of the limb rotates laterally

30
Q

pronation

A

pronation: medial rotation of forearm

31
Q

supination

A

supination: lateral rotation of the forearm

32
Q

what are factors that limit movement at synovial joints?

A
  • shape of articulating surfaces
  • ligaments and the capsule at the joint
  • muscles that act on the joint
33
Q

how are synovial joints classified?

A
  • shapes of the articular surfaces of the constituent bones
  • type of movement allowed at the joint and the range of movement
34
Q

Types of synovial movement

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge (Ginglymus)
  • Pivot (Trochoid)
  • Condyloid (Ellipsoidal)
  • Saddle (Sellar)
  • Ball and Socket (Spheiodea
35
Q

Plane (Planar Joints)

A
  • Articular surfaces are almost flat
  • Allow sliding or gliding movements within 1 plane

Example: between carpal and tarsal bones of the wrist and ankle

36
Q

Hinge (Ginglymus)

A
  • articular surfaces present 1 or more convex projections fitting into a concave surface or surfaces
  • allow movements of flexion and exension in 1 plane (sagittal plane)

Example: elbow, interphalangeal, knee and ankle joits

37
Q

Pivot (Trochoid)

A
  • articular surfaces present a rounded projection rotating within a concave depression
  • allows movement of medial and lateral rotation around a longitudinal axis

Examples:

38
Q

Condyloid (Ellipsodial)

A
  • articular surfaces present a condyloid projection fitting into a concave depression
  • allow movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction in 2 planes (rontal and sagittal)
    example: wrist joint
39
Q

Saddle (Sellar)

A
  • articular surface are reciprocally conave-convex
  • each articular surface presents both a convave surface
  • allow movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation in 2 planes
    example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and sterno-clavicular between the clavicle and sternum
40
Q

Ball and Socket ( Spheroidea)

A
  • articular surfaces present a spherical surface of 1 bone moving within a socket of other bones
  • movements allow flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation in a infinite number of planes
    example: shoulder and hip
41
Q

bursitis

A

the inflamation of a bursa

42
Q

structure of bursa

A
  • small enclosed connective tissue sac lined with a secratory synovial membrane
  • filled with clear viscous fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane. This fluid is repsonsible for the cushioning effect of the bursa
43
Q

what is the rule of stability of a joint?

A
  • as the degree of freedom of movement increases the stability of the joint decreases
  • joints that exhibit the highest degree of movement are therefore the least stable and are more prone to injury
44
Q

bursa

A
  • greek word “bursa”= purse
  • small connective tissue sac lined with synovial-like fluid which functions to facilitate movement by minimizing friction between two moving structures
45
Q

synovial sheath

A
  • an elongated bursa which encloses a tendon

0located between the tendons of the wrisst and ankle and the retinacula of the wrist and ankle

46
Q

what is the location of bursa?

A

Found between 2 structures which move on one another in which friction needs to be decreased

Examples:

-skin and bone

Elbow & Knee

-tendons and bone

Ankle

-Muscle and Bone

Shoulder

-Tendon and Retinacula

Wrist and Ankle

Chapter 1 (5 decks)

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