Skeletal System Flashcards
what type of bones do the axial skeleton contain?
-the bones along the axis, or central line of the human body
- consists of skull, facial bones, sternum(breast bone), ribs, and vertebral column
What 2 parts are the Skeletal System divided into?
Axial and Appendicular
what type of bones do the appendicular skeleton contain
- contains the bones in the appendages of the body also bones that connects the appendages to the axial skeleton
- includes the shoulder girdle, arm, wrist, and hand bones, the pelvic girdle, leg, ankle, and foot bones
What are the functions of the bone and what do they do
Support- Provides structure and shape of the body
Protection- Surrounds and protects the internal organs
Mineral Storage- The bones store calcium and minerals that the body needs for important regulatory functions
Blood cell formation- Red blood cells are manufactured in the bone marrow
Anchoring and movement of muscles- The bones of the skeletal system act as levers for muscular action. Muscular movement would not be possible without tendons (fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (fibrous cords of tissue that attach bone to bone).
What is a bone
How many bones are in the adult body
bone is a dense connective tissue collagen, fibers, and minerals. Collagen can be found in the skin a cartilage. There are 206 adult bones in the body
Where are short bones located and what are they shaped like and what are they composed of
short bones are located in the hands and feet they are cubed shaped and composed of spongy bone for flexible movement
What are flat bones
Flat bones protect vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment. Examples of flat bones include the cranium (bones of the head), facial bones, scapulae (shoulder blades), and sternum (breastbone).
what are sesamoid bones
Sesamoid bones, so named because they resemble large sesame seeds, are embedded within tendons. Sesamoid bones enable joint movement and are found in the patella (kneecap), hands, wrists, and feet.
What are irregular bones
Irregular bones have an unusual or complex shape and, therefore, cannot be categorized as long, short, or flat. They provide support and protection yet allow flexible movement. Examples include the vertebrae (bones or bone segments of the spinal column), jawbones, and coccyx (tailbone).
what is the shaft and ends of the long bone called
the shaft is called the diaphysis
the end is called the epiphysis
what is the epiphyseal plate
also know as the growth plate or epiphyseal line it represents an area of cartilage tissue that is consistently being replaced by new, bony tissue as the bone grows.
what are the 2 types of bone tissue
cortical bone and cancellous bone
what is a cortical bone
where is it found
what cavity does it contain
Cortical bone, also called compact bone, is very dense, hard, and strong. This type of bone tissue lies under the periosteum (peer-ee-AHS-tee-um), or the outer membrane of a bone, and mainly around the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones. In long bones, cortical bone has a hollow center called the medullary (MED-yoo-lair-ee) cavity, which contains yellow bone marrow composed chiefly of fat cells.
what is the cancellous bone
where is it found
what is it commonly called
Cancellous bone, or trabecular (truh-BEK-yoo-ler) bone, is much more porous and much less dense than compact bone. For these reasons, cancellous bone is commonly called spongy bone.
Cancellous bone is found mainly in the epiphyses (uh-PIF-uh-seez), or ends, of long bones. Spaces in the cancellous bone contain red bone marrow, where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are manufactured. The production of blood cells in the bone marrow is called hematopoiesis (HEE-muh-toh-poy-EE-sis).
what is a joint
A joint is any place in the body at which two or more bones connect, or articulate. Connective bands of tissue called ligaments connect bone to bone.
What type of bones do the skull contain
cranial and facial
what is the cranium
The cranium is made up of bones that protect the brain (Figure 4.7). The cranial bones attach to each other at joints called sutures. In newborns, the cranial bones are not completely joined. Rather, there are soft spots called fontanels (FAHN-tuh-nelz) between the cranial bones. These soft spots develop into bone in early infancy.
what bones does the cranium consist of
what bones make up the face
The frontal bone forms the forehead.
Parietal (puh-RIGH-uh-tuhl) bones form the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
Occipital (ahk-SIP-ih-tuhl) bones form the posterior floor and walls of the cranium.
Temporal (TEM-puh-ruhl) bones form the sides and base of the cranium.
The sphenoid (SFEE-noyd) bone forms part of the base of the skull, and the floor and sides of the eye sockets.
The ethmoid (ETH-moyd) bone forms part of the nose, eye socket, and floor of the cranium.
Sutures join all facial bones except one, making them immovable. The mandible, or lower jawbone, is the only facial bone capable of movement. It enables you to speak and chew.
The bones that make up the face are as follows:
Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose.
The maxillary (MAK-sih-lair-ee) bones form the upper jawbone.
The mandible is the lower jawbone.
What is the thorax/rib cage made up of
The thorax, or rib cage, is made up of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic (thoh-RAS-ik) vertebrae.
it also protects many vital organs
what are the bone of the thoracic cavity
The bones of the thoracic cavity include the following:
The sternum forms the breastbone, which serves as the anterior attachment for the ribs. The sternum is made up of three smaller sections: the manubrium (muh-NOO-bree-um), the body, and the xiphoid (ZIGH-foyd) process.
There are 12 pairs of ribs called costals, which attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. The rib cage contains 24 bones arranged in pairs of 12. The first seven pairs of costals are called true ribs, or fixed ribs, because they attach anteriorly to the costal cartilage. The remaining three pairs of ribs (8–10) are called false ribs because they indirectly attach to the sternum by connecting with the cartilage of the ribs above them. The last two pairs of costals (11 and 12) are called floating ribs because they attach neither to the sternum nor to cartilage, but to the vertebrae.
The thoracic vertebrae, made up of 12 vertebrae, serve as the posterior attachment for the ribs.
what is the vertebral column
what are the disks called
and how many bones are there
Twenty-six bone segments make up the vertebral column, or spine (Figure 4.9). These segments are arranged in five sections that surround and protect the delicate spinal cord. Between most vertebrae lie intervertebral (IN-ter-VER-tuh-bruhl) disks, which are composed of cartilage and act as shock absorbers, allowing for movement of the spinal column. Bones that comprise the spinal column include the following:
what are all the sections in the vertebral column
Seven cervical vertebrae, also known as the C-spine (C1–C7), make up the neck region of the spine.
Twelve small bones form the thoracic vertebrae, also known as the T-spine (T1–T12). The thoracic vertebrae connect to the ribs.
Continuing down the spinal column, the next five vertebrae make up the lumbar vertebrae, known as the L-spine (L1–L5). The lumbar vertebrae, which curve in the lower back, are the strongest and largest vertebrae.
The sacrum (SAY-krum), or S-spine, is a slightly curved, triangular bone composed of five segments that gradually fuse together to become one. This fusion process takes place during childhood.
The coccyx (KAHK-siks) is made up of four small bones that fuse to become the tailbone. This fusion of coccygeal (kahk-SIJ-ee-uhl) vertebrae typically occurs in early adulthood.
what is the appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones that attach to the axial skeleton as appendages. The appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder girdles, arms, wrists, and hands in the upper part of the body and the pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, and feet in the lower part of the body.
what are the upper extremities and how many are there in each
The humerus is the upper arm bone.
The radius is the smaller bone found on the thumb side of the forearm.
The ulna is the larger forearm bone. The proximal end of the ulna forms the elbow.
Eight carpal bones make up the wrist.
Five metacarpals (MET-uh-KAR-puhlz) form the bones of the hand.
Fourteen phalanges (fuh-LAN-jeez) make up the finger bones. Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges: proximal, medial, and distal. The thumb has only two phalanges: the proximal and distal phalanges.
what are the bones that compromise the pelvic griddle
The ischium (IS-kee-um) is the posterior part of the pelvic bone.
The ilium is the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the upper part of each side of the pelvis.
The pubis (PYOO-bis) is the anterior part of the pelvic bone.
what are the lower extremities and how many are there in each
Lower Extremities
The bones that make up the lower extremities, shown in Figure 4.1, are as follows:
The femur, or thighbone, is the upper leg bone. It is the longest bone in the human body.
The patella, or kneecap, is the bone that forms the anterior part of the knee.
The tibia, or shinbone, is the larger, more medially located lower leg bone.
The fibula, located laterally to the tibia, is the smaller of the two lower leg bones.
Seven tarsal bones make up the ankle. The largest of these bones, called the calcaneus (kal-KAY-nee-us), is known as the heelbone. The next largest is the talus (anklebone).
Five metatarsals (MET-uh-TAR-suhlz) comprise the bones of the foot.
Each foot contains 14 phalanges. There are two phalanges (proximal and distal) in the big toe. There are three phalanges in each of the other four toes: proximal, medial, and distal phalanges.
what is a sprain
tearing in the ligaments causes pain/inability to bear weight
