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A&P > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of skeletal system

A

bones of skeleton
cartilage
ligaments
other CT

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2
Q

Bones

A

primary organs of skeletal system and rigid framework (support); composed of cells and extra cellular matrix

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3
Q

Compact Bone (dense or cortical bone)

A

relatively dense CT; appears white, smooth, and solid; 80% of bone mass

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4
Q

Spongy Bone (cancellous/trabecular bone)

A

located internal to compact bone; appears porous; 20% of bone mass

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5
Q

Cartilage

A

semirigid CT; more flexible

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6
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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7
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

attaches ribs to sternum (costal cartilage)
covers ends of some bones(articular cartilage)
provides model for formation of most bones in body

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

weight bearing cartilage that withstands compression; located in intervertebral discs, public symphysis, and pads of knees

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9
Q

Ligaments

A

anchors bone to bone

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10
Q

Tendon

A

connect muscle to bone

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11
Q

General Functions

A

support and protection
movement
hemopoiesis
storage of mineral and energy reserves

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12
Q

Support and protection of bones

A

provides structural support, the framework for the body; protects delicate tissues
ex: rib cage - heart and my lungs
cranial bones - brain

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13
Q

Movement of bones

A

serves as attachment sites for skeletal muscles; system of levers: muscle contraction exerting a pull on the skeleton

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14
Q

Henopoiesis

A

blood cell production occurring in red bone marrow, stem cells form blood cells and platelets

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15
Q

Storage of mineral and energy reserves of bones

A

calcium for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission

phosphate for ATP utilization and plasma membrane

lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow (adult)

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16
Q

Regions of long bone

A

Diaphysis
medullary cavity
epilhysis
metaphysics
epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

elongated, provides leverage and weight support, compact bone with thin spicules of spongy bone extending inward

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18
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow in adults and red bone marrow in children

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19
Q

Epiphysis

A

knobby region on each end of long bone; composed of outer thin layer of compact bone and inner region of spongy bone; proximal and distal epiphysis

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20
Q

Proximal Epiphysis

A

end of bone closest to body trunk

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21
Q

Distal Epiphysis

A

end farthest from trunk

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22
Q

Articular Cartilage (hyaline)

A

covers joint surface, made of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and absorbs shock

23
Q

Metaphysis

A

region of mature bone between diaphysis and epiphysis

24
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

growth plate, thin layer of hyaline cartilage, provides lengthwise bone growth
in adults the epiphyseal line is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate

25
Q

Red Bone Marrow (myeloid tissue)

A

hemopoietic, reticular CT, immature blood cells, and fat
In children:
located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones
In adults:
located in axial skeletal, skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, and proximal parts of humerus and femur

26
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature, fatty substance

27
Q

Four types of cells in bone CT

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

28
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

located in periosteum and endosteum, least mature cell, from mesenchyme, matures to become an osteoblast

29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

synthesize and secrets osteoid; initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix osteoid later calcifies

30
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, lost bone forming ability, maintain bone matrix, detects mechanical stress, and triggers deposition for new bone matrix

31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large, multinuclear, phagocytes cells; derived from fused bone marrow cells; involved in bone resorption

32
Q

Bone Formation

A

begins with secretion of osteoid; requires: vitamin D(enhances calcium), vitamin C(required for collagen), Calcium and phosphate for calcification

33
Q

Bone resorption

A

breakdown of bone matrix from substances from osteoclasts; calcium and phosphate dissolved by hydrochloric acid

34
Q

Osteons

A

small cylindrical structures (haversian structures); looks like bullseye

35
Q

Central Canal

A

cylindrical channel at center of osteon and parallel to it, blood vessels and nerves through channel

36
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

rings of bone CT, surround central canal

37
Q

Lacunae

A

found in call spaces between concentric lamellae

38
Q

Canaliculi

A

Ttiny, interconnecting channels, extend from lacuna travel through lamellae and connect to lacunae and central canal; exchange of nutrients and minerals

39
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis)

A

formation and development of bone CT

40
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

bone growth within a membrane; produces flat bones of skull, mandible, some facial bones, central part of clavicle

41
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

produces most bones in the skeleton, begins with a hyaline cartilage; upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and end of clavicle; such as long bone

42
Q

Interstitial growth

A

increase in length, development upon cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate; occurs specifically in zone 2 and 3

43
Q

Zones of epiphyseal plate

A
  1. zone of resting cartilage
  2. zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. zone of hypertonic cartilage
  4. zone of calcified cartilage
  5. zone of ossification
44
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

remnant is an internal thin line of compact bone

45
Q

Bone remodeling

A

influenced by mechanical stress and hormones; 20% of skeletons replaced yearly

46
Q

mechanical stress

A

more mechanical stress, increase bone density, stimulate bone production
less mechanical stress, decrease in bone mass, reduced collagen; demineralization

47
Q

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

A

produced by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates liver to produce somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor, IGF); stimulate growth if cartilage in epiphyseal plate

48
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

decreased by thyroid gland, influences basal metabolic rate of bone cells; regulates normal activity at epiphyseal plates

49
Q

Sex Hormones

A

estrogen and testosterone; dramatically accelerates bone growth

50
Q

Calcium is required for…

A

initiation of muscle contraction
exocytosis
blood clotting
stimulation of the heart

51
Q

Calcitriol and Parathyroid hormone

A

hormones that regulate blood calcium

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

secreted and relseaded by parathyroid glands in response you reduced blood calcium levels, accelerates conversion to calcitriol by kidney

53
Q

Calcitonin

A

aids in regulating blood calcium levels; released from the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels; inhibits osteoclast activity, stimulates kidneys to increase loss of calcium in urine

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