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A&P > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

skin

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2
Q

Dermatology

A

study of skin

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, superficial

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4
Q

Dermis

A

deeper layer, primarily dense irregular CT (proper CT);
2 layers:
papillary
deeper reticular

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5
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A

deep to dermis; layer of areolar and adipose CT; not apart of integumentary system

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6
Q

Layers of epidermis (deep to stratified)

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

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7
Q

Stratum basale (basal layer)

A

deepest epidermal layer; germinative layer; single layer of cells;
Cell Types:
Keratinocytes (living cells)
Melanocytes
Tactile cells

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8
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant cells in epidermis, divide to regenerate new cells, replace old cells shed at surface; synthesizing of keratin

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9
Q

Keratin

A

protein that strengthens epidermis and makes skin almost waterproof

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

scattered among keratinocytes; produces and stores melanin in response to UV light; transfer pigment granules (melanosomes) into keratinocytes; shields nuclear DNA from UV radiation

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11
Q

melanosomes

A

packaged melanin; the pigment accumulates around nucleus of keratinocytes

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12
Q

Tactile Cells (merkel cells)

A

few; sensitive to touch; when compressed release chemicals to stimulate sensory nerve endings

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13
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes; daughter cells from stratum basale

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14
Q

Epidermal Dendritic cells (langerhans cells)

A

branching extensions; initiate immune response; phagocytosis cells; responsive to pathogens and epidermal cancer cells

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15
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes; beginning of keratinization, producing keratin but not enough that it is still alive, nucleus and organelles start to disintegrate

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16
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

2-3 layers, translucent; only on thick skin on palms and soles; transparent because of intermediate product in maturation of keratin; composed of dead skin cells

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17
Q

Stratum corneum

A

most superficial, 20-30 layers of dead skin; cells are anucleste and tightly packed; dry surface protects and is unsuitable for microorganism growth; about 2 weeks then shed

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18
Q

anucleate

A

without a nucleus

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19
Q

Migration of keratinocytes

A

originate from stem stem cells in stratum basale
migrates through strata to stratum corneum (2 weeks)
undergoes structural changes

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20
Q

Thick Skin

A

palm of hands and soles of feet; all 5 layers of epidermal strata; sweat glands; no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

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21
Q

Thin Skin

A

covers most of body; lacks stratum lucidum; contains sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands

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22
Q

Papillary layer

A

superficial region; areolar CT; consists of dermal papillae

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23
Q

Dermal papillae

A

projections of the dermis

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24
Q

Epidermal Ridges

A

projections of epidermis; interlocking arrangement with the dermal papillae

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25
Q

Reticular Layer

A

most of the dermis, dense irregular CT; deeper portion; large bundles of collagen fibers

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26
Q

Contributions to skin color

A

hemoglobin, carotene, and melanin

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27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

oxygen binding protein in red blood cells; gives blood vessels reddish tint

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28
Q

Carotene

A

accumulates in subcutaneous fat and keratinocytes of stratum corneum; yellow-orange pigment

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29
Q

Melanin

A

produced and stored in melanocytes;
brown, tan, black, yellow-brown shades; transferred to keratinocytes in stratum basale; UV stimulates melanin production; everyone has around the same number of melanocytes; determined by heredity and light exposure

30
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

hypodermis, not part of integument; areolar and adipose CT; protects body, acts as energy reservoir, and provides thermal insulation

31
Q

Nails

A

scale like modifications of stratum corneum; protect distal tips of digits; assist in grasping objects; hard firm keratinized cells(dead)

32
Q

Nail body

A

the length of the nail

33
Q

Lunula

A

crescent shape; more tissue so it’s not pink

34
Q

Eponychium (cuticle)

A

protection

35
Q

Free body

A

where the nails comes off of the nail bed

36
Q

Hair

A

single hair, pills, shaped like a slender filament; keratinized cells; grows from hair follicles

37
Q

Hair Bulb

A

swelling at base where the hair originates in dermis; surrounds hair papilla; only region containing living cells

38
Q

Root

A

some of hair from bulb to skin surface

39
Q

Shaft

A

portion of hair beyond skin surface

40
Q

Hair follicle

A

oblique tube surrounding root; extends into dermis; outer CT root sheath from dermis; inner ET root root sheath from epidermis

41
Q

Arrector Pili

A

thin ribbons of smooth muscle; extends from hair follicle to dermal papillae; elevates hair with contraction

42
Q

3 phases of hair growth cycle

A

anagen, catagen, telogen

43
Q

Anagen

A

active phase; tepidly growing, dividing, and transforming into hair; longest phase 18 months-7 years, 80-95% of follicles are in this phase; growth 0.5-1cm/month

44
Q

Catagen Phase

A

brief regression period; cell division ceases; follicle undergoes involution, lasts about 3-4 weeks

45
Q

Telogen

A

resting phase; hair is shed; lasts 3-4 months; hair bulb begins to regrow, reenters anagen phase

46
Q

Function of Protection of Hair

A

protects scalp from sunburn and injury, nose hairs traps particles, eyelashes/ear hairs protects from foreign matter, eyebrows protects from sweat

47
Q

Function of Facial Expression of hair

A

hairs of eyebrows enhance facial expression

48
Q

Function of Heat retention of Hair

A

prevents loss of heat from scalp

49
Q

Function of Sensory Reception of Hair

A

tactile receptors detect light touch

50
Q

Function of Visual Identification of a hair

A

helps identify age or sex of individuals

51
Q

Function of Chemical Signal Dispersal

A

disperse pheromones; involved with attracting sexual partners; secreted by specific sweat glands onto hair in axillary and pubis regions

52
Q

Sweat Gland

A

coiled, tubular secretory portion in reticular dermis

53
Q

Sweat Gland Duct

A

transports secretions to surface, opens on epidermal surface, sweat pore; secretion by exocytosis

54
Q

Myoepithelial Cells

A

contract to squeeze gland, secret more sweat; respond to sympathetic stimulation; fight or flight response

55
Q

Sweat

A

composed of 99% water and 1% other chemicals; includes electrolytes, metabolites, and waste products

56
Q

thermoregulation

A

regulation of body temperature by fluid evaporation

57
Q

secretion

A

provides a means for loss of water and electrolytes, may help eliminate ingested drugs, antibacterial/anti-fungal activity

58
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

produce oily secretion, sebum; lubricant for skin and hair, bactericidal, discharges into a hair follicle; stimulated by hormones, activated during puberty

59
Q

Function of Integument

A

Protection
Prevention of water loss/gain
Secretion and Absorption
Immune function
Temperature regulation
Sensory Reception

60
Q

(FOTI) Protection

A

physical barrier

61
Q

(FOTI) Prevention of water loss/gain

A

water resistance prevents absorption
water loss by sweat, transpiration

62
Q

(FOTI) Secretion

A

waste products secreted onto skin surface during sweating

63
Q

(FOTI) Absorption

A

Selectively permeable and transdermal administration

64
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

some materials pass through, others blocked

65
Q

Transdermal Administration

A

some oil-soluble drugs delivered by adhesive patch, slowly penetrate epidermis, observed into blood vessels in dermis

66
Q

(FOTI) Immune Function

A

Epidermal Dendritic Cells (Langerhans Cells); initiate immune reponse against pathogens via phagocytosis; located in stratum spinosum

67
Q

(FOTI) Temperature Regulation

A

influenced by capillaries and sweat glands in dermis; vasoconstriction and vasodilatation

68
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

shunting of blood away from periphery of body toward deeper structures, occurs when body tries to conserve heat

69
Q

Vasodilation

A

more blood can travel close to surface, results in reddish/pink skin, flushed face during exercise

70
Q

(FOTI) Sensory Reception

A

skin has extensive innervation(distribution of nerve fibers), touch receptors detect stimuli that send input to brain

A&P (7 decks)

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